Helicopter Pilot Training

Harry – The Mysterious Prince $8.13 Buy and sell [Harry - The Mysterious Prince] at great prices.

Prince William And Prince Harry : Prisoners Of Celebrity $2.99 Buy and sell [Prince William And Prince Harry : Prisoners Of Celebrity] at great prices.

Cadet Life Of Prince Harry $10.55 Buy and sell [Cadet Life Of Prince Harry] at great prices.

Racist $40.95 Buy and sell [Racist] at great prices.

Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (Harry Potter) $12.98 Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (Harry Potter) by J. K. Rowling Lrg Published in 2007 by Large Print Distribution

Harry Potter And The Half-Blood Prince $27.71 Buy and sell [Harry Potter And The Half-Blood Prince] at great prices.

prince harry racist

No denying it now, the phones are everywhere. It is almost unthinkable as old as it is. The first car phone, a Motorola, showed in 1940 but both the battery power that does not work until the 1980s. Since then, the cellphone is everywhere. It is now believed that the world has 50% cell phone. Finland is the country with most cell phones per capita. It is no coincidence that one of the largest manufacturers of mobile Nokia phones are based there

The cell phones have come a long way. Are not just phones. Perhaps the biggest change came in 1997. Year Philippe Kahn is a young entrepreneur with a small company called Star of the sea. Will only come from a company he helped found the Borland software. And is finding new directions, he also something else. A pregnant wife Sonia Lopez, Labor is not easy for 18hrs plus. Halfway through he decided he was tired of her Lamaze techniques husband is trying to get used. He told his wife to shut up and leave her alone. And that is what made Philip. She sat down, but you need something to do. I was too excited. Like any prospect father is her cell phone and camera with him and thought of how to combine the two. He had time for some travel to Radio Shack and some fiddling and soon the cell phone camera was born. And the daughter of Philip was the first person with a profile of the phone Camera! He then went to Motorola with a new idea, but unfortunately they passed on what was to become one of the biggest regrets of the history of the company. It is interesting noted, however, that Motorola bought its starfish Company. So he took his product to Japan and a whole industry was born.

And what is an industry. Think about how many big events in the world are captured on mobile phone cameras. This summer in Burma since the government silences critics promote democracy by reducing the Internet, TV and radio the world has a firsthand view of the brave monks walking the streets of Burma, by a cell phone camera.

Where the career of Michael Richards, Seinfeld now is if a cell phone camera has not got his racist comments and put them in YouTube? Prince Harry has always been haunted by images of the cell phone with him in a Nazi costume one Halloween. Although Saddam Hussein's disappearance finally acquired by cell phone camera for the world to see. There is a case in New York, where someone in the subway traveling companions decided to flash. Imagine his horror when the next day comes through in all its glory on the front page of The New York Post on a cell phone camera. None In fact, the mother is pleased.

Think about the past and the days of John F. Kennedy, how his presidency will be different if he was captured by the camera cell phone goes to the hotel room of Marilyn Monroe? We will see it differently now?

George Orwell's 1984 book scared us all thinking of Big Brother government watching our every move. Nobody thought it would be the person next to you with camera cell phones will be the biggest risk. I miss the days when the most advanced phone is Maxwell Smart's shoe phone at least you know then what I had. As Maxwell Smart has his own saying "do you think?"

Trish Clark

http://northcentralcommunications.ca

Prince Harry is racist?

Prince Harry has apologized for their racist remarks that he made. I can not blame him, however. I have many racist thoughts, and I think a great deal of people. When it comes to end racism and all you hear at night are black people talking and shouting out loud really, why what's wrong still racist? All these stereotypes are materialized. There are many black and fairly smart people, but let's be honest, most Black people in America is strong and tough. There is nothing that completely answers my question. Y "2myself" maybe you should stop spreading the ignorance of grammar incorrectly. "His" and "you" are two different words! Hey first guy, I'm from Madison, Wisconsin. I get to University of Wisconsin-Madison live on campus. Jin and go see Chicken Shack website to see pictures of all the people I'm talking very black.

Entertaining:) lols

Prince Harry racist redub

Harry – The Mysterious Prince $8.13 Buy and sell [Harry - The Mysterious Prince] at great prices.

Prince William And Prince Harry : Prisoners Of Celebrity $2.99 Buy and sell [Prince William And Prince Harry : Prisoners Of Celebrity] at great prices.

From Charity To Social Work $27.85 Buy and sell [From Charity To Social Work] at great prices.

What Makes Charity Work? $12.64 Buy and sell [What Makes Charity Work?] at great prices.

Cadet Life Of Prince Harry $10.55 Buy and sell [Cadet Life Of Prince Harry] at great prices.

Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (Harry Potter) $12.98 Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (Harry Potter) by J. K. Rowling Lrg Published in 2007 by Large Print Distribution

Harry Potter And The Half-Blood Prince $27.71 Buy and sell [Harry Potter And The Half-Blood Prince] at great prices.

Broadway – The American Musical (PBS Series) $39.95 CD set that goes with PBS series. Include origianl cast recordings from many important muscials…

prince harry charity work

The Ups and Downs of 18th Birthday Celebrations (18th Birthday Gifts)

As well as giving 18th birthday gifts, it’s traditional to mark the occasion with a special celebration. If you’re stuck for ideas, you might be able to take some tips from the stars. As you’ll see, everyone has a different way to celebrate – though a fortune isn’t always a guarantee that things will go well!

Harry Potter star Emma Watson celebrated her big day by staying up until 4.30am after a lavish lunch with fellow cast members. She may have had some wonderful 18th birthday gifts, but they would have paled in comparison to something else she got for the first time that day: access to the £10.5 million that she’d earned and had been held in a trust fund.

Charlotte Church also got her hands on her fortune when she came of age, which may have been some comfort when her 18th birthday Gifts didn’t include one thing she’d jokingly asked for: a million-pound ruby-studded bra. She celebrated with a quiet buffet for friends and family, but still made the headlines when photographed the worse for wear.

Not only were Prince Harry 18th birthday gifts kept low-profile, but he opted to forgo a lavish birthday celebration. Newspapers had talked of a wild “booze and birds bashâ€, but instead he spent the day on charity work, visiting hospital patients and homeless people as well as working on schemes to help young offenders and improve health standards in the third world.

That’s pretty much the opposite approach from Maria Sharapova. The tennis superstar’s 18th birthday gifts actually included a party sponsored by mobile phone firm Motorola, with the company’s logo even appearing on bottles of water. Around 700 people turned up to the Manhattan shindig, which included a live performance by pop band Maroon 5.

Princess Beatrice had a ball – literally. Having been born on 8/8/88, she opted for an 1888-themed party at Windsor Castle. Guests wore period dress, though it’s not known how many Royals simply wore family hand-me-downs! Beatrice’s 18th birthday gifts included a blue and gold ballgown from the exclusive Marchesa label.

Many parents will get out the cameras for their child’s 18th, but in Kelly Osbourne’s case, the cameras were already there: she was being filmed for the reality TV series The Osbournes. Father Ozzy took her to Vegas (where he was performing) and his present of a 1958 Chevvy was the most lavish of her 18th birthday gifts.

While footballer Wayne Rooney celebrated his big day by signing a five-year contract worth £25,000 a week, his girlfriend Colleen McCoughlin’s 18th birthday party wasn’t as glamorous as you might imagine. Years before her fairytale wedding, she held her celebrations at a local hotel with sandwiches and sausage rolls. It wasn’t on the cheap though, with reports that £10,000 was put behind the bar. That could be could be why the event ended in scuffles!

It’s not just celebs whose 18th birthday Gifts include misery, however. Just look at Sara Ruscoe, a schoolgirl who made the mistake of putting up a poster inviting the entire sixth form to her house party. As Sara lived in a mansion, that might have seemed manageable. The problem was that a mischief-maker persuaded Radio 1 DJ Pete Tong to give a shoutout to partygoers, mentioning the event was at a mansion in the small Devon town of Bovey Tracey. That’s all it took for 2,000 youths to gatecrash in riotous mood, causing at least £2,000 worth of damage.

She’s not the only school pupil to get into trouble on her 18th though. Eleven sixth-formers from a Somerset boarding school run by Benedictine monks had to be suspended after a party got completely out of hand. Not only were school displays damaged and thrown in a skip, but the staff room carpet was smeared with dog mess.

To be fair, most people don’t behave in such a manner on their birthday and it’s perfectly possible to celebrate with a drink responsibly. Indeed, you can always mark the occasion with a ‘grown-up’ drink such as a vintage whisky.

American teenagers don’t make such as big fuss about turning 18: probably because they can’t legally drink until 21, meaning traditional 18th birthday gifts such as champagne are a no-no. Then again, some children more than make up for it with earlier birthdays, as viewers of MTV’s My Super Sweet Sixteen can confirm!

There is one group of people for whom 18th birthday gifts must be chosen with a little more thought. That’s because they were born on February 29th and technically don’t celebrate their big day until they’ve been around for 72 years. Then again, everyone’s different, so there’s no reason a leap-year birthday boy or girl shouldn’t go paintballing or drive a Lamborghini with the rest of them!

About the Author

Written by John Smith co-founder of GettingPersonal.co.uk

GettingPersonal.co.uk are one of the UK’s leading on-line retailers of Gifts, personalised gifts and Christmas Gifts. Their website is packed with over 1,500 gifts for any special occasion.

For more go to www.gettingpersonal.co.uk

Let Diana Rest in Peace!?

OK first of all I know this doesn’t really help – starting a conversation about people who start conversations about it but….

Princess Diana died over a decade ago now, I know she was thought of as a good person and did so much work for charity and good causes in general. I think she was someone to look up to as she used her power and publicity to bring attention to causes that needed it. She completely exploited the media for good. But she was only a human being and a such should be allowed to rest in peace instead of having her memory dragged through the eternal purgatory that people would like to.

Think about her sons, princes Harry and William, do you think they would be happy about people continually talking about their mother as if she were not human? As if she had been ‘murdered’ by some kind of conspiracy? Would you like people to collect dolls and plates with your dead mother’s face on?!

I’m with you.

and for pete’s sake she was not a bloody legend … but she’s certainly becoming mythical.

She was a flawed Human being … as we all are.. .she , through marriage gained famed .. and she didn’t work a nine to five job like the rest of us… and she had royal duties to perform… she carried out charitable works .. BUT in her shoes wouldn’t you do the same ?

She was an adulter.. as was her husband .. she wasn’t a saint .. she was HUMAN.

Yes Let her rest in peace!!

Prince Harry in Lesotho

Harry – The Mysterious Prince $8.13 Buy and sell [Harry - The Mysterious Prince] at great prices.

Prince William And Prince Harry : Prisoners Of Celebrity $2.99 Buy and sell [Prince William And Prince Harry : Prisoners Of Celebrity] at great prices.

Cadet Life Of Prince Harry $10.55 Buy and sell [Cadet Life Of Prince Harry] at great prices.

Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (Harry Potter) $12.98 Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (Harry Potter) by J. K. Rowling Lrg Published in 2007 by Large Print Distribution

Harry Potter And The Half-Blood Prince $27.71 Buy and sell [Harry Potter And The Half-Blood Prince] at great prices.

Rules of Contract Law, 2007-2008 Statutory Supplement: Selections from the Uniform Commerical Code, the Cisg, the Restatement (Second) of Contracts, and … Principles, With Material on Contract D $3.99 …

Rules of Contract Law : Selections from the Uniform Commercial Code, the CISG, the Restatement (Second) of Contracts, and the UNIDROIT Principles with Material on Contract Drafting and Sample Examination Questions and Answers (1999-2000 Statutory Supplement) $7.20 …

prince harry uniform

The dress code for golf has evolved in keeping with the game itself. As times have changed, the outfit for day-to-day play has kept pace. Today fashion clothing is all the rage.

Photographs of golfers in the early 1900s show them wearing the uniform of the day. They typically wore baggy plus-four trousers and a thick Norfolk jacket. Harry Vardon expressed the view that his jacket helped to hold his swing together.

The Norfolk jacket was made of sturdy tweed, a rough unfinished woollen fabric that was moisture resistant. It was fashionable not only for golf, but for other outdoor pursuits such as hiking, fishing and pheasant shooting.

Underneath were the customary collar and tie and occasional waistcoat. Knee-length woollen socks, stout shoes and a Tam o’shanter or flat cap completed the look. Ladies were attired in full Victorian wear as it was not considered important for them to win at competitive sports.

When Vardon toured America in 1900 to give a number of exhibition matches, the local establishment keenly made note of his signature outfit. Knickerbockers were not unknown, but it was children who mostly wore them. Such was the influence of the man the golfing public took to wearing the same outfits as their overseas cousins.

American golfers were undoubtedly the front runners in the changing dress code, being well ahead of the more conservative British. From heavy drab clothing that was cumbersome and inhibited the swing to today’s multi-coloured garments with moisture wicking fibres.

The 1930s saw a gradual phasing out of the jacket especially when the weather was warm. The tie, knitted cardigan or Argyle sweater was the new more casual uniform and trousers started to replace the traditional plus-four and plus-two.

With time more stylish and practical clothing started to appear and by the 1940s the tie was largely abandoned and the short-sleeved knitted shirt was in vogue.

Shoes were an earlier exception and had become a fashion statement in their own right. Bobby Jones championed two-tone brown and white golf shoes in the 1920s. The Prince of Wales helped spread their popularity when during a diplomatic visit in 1924 he wore tan and white spectator sport shoes.

To say that the early dress code for golf attire was monochrome and uninteresting was to understate its blandness. The only colour in the game came from individuals like Walter Hagan who were happy to buck the trend. A fashion statement of Sam Stead was to change fairly often the colourful broad band on his snap-brim Palmetto hat.

In the 1960s Gary Player discarded red and white clothing and chose black instead. He claimed that it gave him strength as it held the warmth in. When he played St Andrews in the 1960 British Open he wore unusual trousers in the first round with one leg black and the other white.

In the United States Jimmy Demaret pioneered wearing colours other than black, white, and gray. Doug Sanders, who was known as the peacock of the fairways, spent a lot of money and time on his wardrobe of brightly coloured shirts and slacks. Jumbo Ozaki who has a passion for purple was the pioneer of colourful clothing in Japan.

Fashion clothing is now big business and clothing manufacturers are in the ascendancy in their influence on the golfing scene. A number of well known golfers have their own clothing lines and the sticker price for their logo items is set in the same way as fashion houses price their perfumes.

Most private clubs retain a dress code, with collared shirts obligatory with no obvious advertising on them. Members and their guests are asked to dress in good taste to maintain the dignity of the game of golf. At public courses they try to ban jeans, t-shirts and flip-flops, but are mostly unsuccessful as they are no marshals to enforce the rules.

The fashion trend is now firmly set by celebrities, and young charismatic golfers on the various tours. The dress code of the future has become the province of the youth. Where it will all end remains to be seen. Maybe professional golfers will become walking billboards like Formula One racing drivers.

Of one thing there is no doubt. As in the case of King Canute, no-one will be able to hold back the rising tide of fashion. It was Mark Twain who astutely remarked “Clothes make the man; Naked people have little or no influence on society”.

Neville Walker has a passion for golf and has played golf on hundreds of golf courses all over the world. His particular interest is writing about how to improve your putting. He runs a web site on the subject which can be found at http://www.better-golf-by-putting-better.com

Does anyone know where I can hire a Prince Harry uniform for a party Lt Gruber is throwing in my honour?

Lol thats sounds like a riot!!!

Maybe you could put one together with stuff from ebay, you know a ginger wig and a desert army outfit, maybe a machine gun and some false big teeth? Put on a posh accent snort when you laugh and hey presto… Prince Andrews your uncle! Sorted, now you just gotta get stoned.

Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince Midnight Party

Falklands War

Lead-up to the conflict

Main article: Events leading to the Falklands War

In the period leading up to the war, and especially following the transfer of power between military dictators General Jorge Rafael Videla and General Roberto Eduardo Viola in late-March 1981, Argentina had been in the midst of a devastating economic crisis and large-scale civil unrest against the military junta that had been governing the country since 1976. In December 1981 there was a further change in the Argentine military regime bringing to office a new junta headed by General Leopoldo Galtieri (acting president), Brigadier Basilio Lami Dozo and Admiral Jorge Anaya. Anaya would be the main architect and supporter of a military solution for the long standing claim over the islands, calculating that the United Kingdom would never respond militarily. In doing so the Galtieri government hoped to mobilise Argentines’ long-standing patriotic feelings towards the islands and thus divert public attention from the country’s chronic economic problems and the regime’s ongoing human rights violations. Such action would also bolster its dwindling legitimacy. The newspaper La Prensa speculated in a step-by-step plan beginning with cutting off supplies to the Islands, ending in direct actions late 1982, if the UN talks were fruitless.

The ongoing tension between the two countries over the islands increased on 19 March when a group of hired Argentine scrap metal merchants raised the Argentine flag at South Georgia, an act that would later be seen as the first offensive action in the war. The Argentine military junta, suspecting that the UK would reinforce its South Atlantic Forces, ordered the invasion of the Falkland Islands to be brought forward to 2 April.

Admiral Jorge Anaya

Britain was initially taken by surprise by the Argentine attack on the South Atlantic islands, despite repeated warnings by Royal Navy captain Nicholas Barker and others. Barker believed that the intention expressed in Defence Secretary John Nott’s 1981 review to withdraw the Royal Navy ship HMS Endurance, Britain’s only naval presence in the South Atlantic, sent a signal to the Argentines that Britain was unwilling, and would soon be unable, to defend her territories and subjects in the Falklands.

War

Invasion by Argentina

Main article: 1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands

Main article: Invasion of South Georgia

On 2 April 1982, Argentine forces mounted amphibious landings of the Falkland Islands, following the civilian occupation of South Georgia on March 19, before the Falklands War began. The invasion met a nominal defence organised by the Falkland Islands’ Governor Sir Rex Hunt giving command to Major Mike Norman of the Royal Marines, the landing of Lieutenant Commander Guillermo Sanchez-Sabarots’ Amphibious Commandos Group, the attack on Moody Brook barracks, the engagement between the troops of Hugo Santillan and Bill Trollope at Stanley, and the final engagement and surrender at Government House.

Initial British response to the invasion

HMS Invincible was a part of the task force.

Word of the invasion apparently first reached Britain via amateur radio.

The retaking of the Falkland Islands was considered extremely difficult: the main constraint was the disparity in deployable air cover (the British having 34 Harrier aircraft against Argentina’s 220 jet fighters). The U.S. Navy considered a successful counter-invasion by the British to be ‘a military impossibility’. The United States initially tried to mediate an end to the conflict. However, when Argentina refused the U.S. peace overtures, U.S. Secretary of State Alexander Haig announced that the United States would prohibit arms sales to Argentina and provide material support for British operations. Both Houses of the U.S. Congress passed resolutions supporting the U.S. action siding with the United Kingdom.

By mid-April, the Royal Air Force had set up an airbase at Wideawake on the mid-Atlantic British overseas territory of Ascension Island, including a sizable force of Avro Vulcan B Mk 2 bombers, Handley Page Victor K Mk 2 refuelling aircraft, and McDonnell Douglas Phantom FGR Mk 2 fighters to protect them. Meanwhile the main British naval task force arrived at Ascension to prepare for active service. A small force had already been sent south to recapture South Georgia.

Encounters began in April; the British Task Force was shadowed by Boeing 707 aircraft of the Argentine Air Force during their travel to the south FAA map. Several of these flights were intercepted by BAE Sea Harriers outside the British-imposed exclusion zone; the unarmed 707s were not attacked because diplomatic moves were still in progress and the UK had not yet decided to commit itself to armed force. On 23 April a Brazilian commercial Douglas DC-10 from VARIG Airlines en route to South Africa was intercepted by British Harriers who visually identified the civilian plane.

Recapture of South Georgia and the attack on the Santa Fe

The South Georgia force, Operation Paraquet, under the command of Major Guy Sheridan RM, consisted of Marines from 42 Commando, a troop of the Special Air Service (SAS) and Special Boat Service (SBS) troops who were intended to land as reconnaissance forces for an invasion by the Royal Marines. All were embarked on RFA Tidespring. First to arrive was the Churchill-class submarine HMS Conqueror on 19 April, and the island was over-flown by a radar-mapping Handley Page Victor on 20 April.

The first landings of SAS troops took place on 21 April, butith the southern hemisphere autumn setting inhe weather was so bad that their landings and others made the next day were all withdrawn after two helicopters crashed in fog on Fortuna Glacier. On 23 April, a submarine alert was sounded and operations were halted, with the Tidespring being withdrawn to deeper water to avoid interception. On 24 April, the British forces regrouped and headed in to attack.

On 25 April, after resupplying the Argentine garrison in South Georgia, the submarine ARA Santa Fe was spotted on the surface by a Westland Wessex HAS Mk 3 helicopter from HMS Antrim, which attacked the Argentine submarine with depth charges. HMS Plymouth launched a Westland Wasp HAS.Mk.1 helicopter, and HMS Brilliant launched a Westland Lynx HAS Mk 2. The Lynx launched a torpedo, and strafed the submarine with its pintle-mounted General Purpose Machine Gun; the Wessex also fired on the Santa Fe with its GPMG. The Wasp from HMS Plymouth as well as two other Wasps launched from HMS Endurance fired AS-12 ASM antiship missiles at the submarine, scoring hits. Santa Fe was damaged badly enough to prevent her from submerging. The crew abandoned the submarine at the jetty at King Edward Point on South Georgia.

With the Tidespring now far out to sea and the Argentine forces augmented by the submarine’s crew, Major Sheridan decided to gather the 76 men he had and make a direct assault that day. After a short forced march by the British troops, the Argentine forces surrendered without resistance. The message sent from the naval force at South Georgia to London was, “Be pleased to inform Her Majesty that the White Ensign flies alongside the Union Jack in South Georgia. God Save the Queen.” Prime Minister Thatcher broke the news to the media, telling them to “Just rejoice at that news!”

Black Buck raids

Main article: Operation Black Buck

RAF Avro Vulcan B.Mk.2 strategic bomber.

On 1 May British operations on the Falklands opened with the “Black Buck 1″ attack (of a series of five) on the airfield at Stanley. The overall effect of the raids on the war is difficult to determine, and the raids consumed precious tanker resources. The raids did minimal damage to the runway and damage to radars was quickly repaired. Commonly dismissed as post-war propaganda, Argentine sources were originally the source of claims that the Vulcan raids influenced Argentina to withdraw some of its Mirage IIIs from Southern Argentina to the Buenos Aires Defence Zone. This dissuasive effect was however watered down when British officials made clear that there would be no strikes on air bases in Argentina.

Of the five Black Buck raids, three were against Stanley Airfield, with the other two anti-radar missions using Shrike anti-radiation missiles.

Escalation of the air war

Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm Sea Harrier FRS1. The flamboyant paint scheme was altered to a duller one en route South.

The Falklands had only three airfields. The longest and only paved runway was at the capital, Stanley, and even it was too short to support fast jets. Therefore, the Argentines were forced to launch their major strikes from the mainland, severely hampering their efforts at forward staging, combat air patrols and close air support over the islands. The effective loiter time of incoming Argentine aircraft was low, and they were later compelled to overfly British forces in any attempt to attack the islands.

The first major Argentine strike force comprised 36 aircraft (McDonnell Douglas A-4 Skyhawks, Israel Aircraft Industries Daggers, English Electric B Mk 62 Canberras, and Dassault Mirage III escorts), and was sent on 1 May, in the belief that the British invasion was imminent or landings had already taken place. Only a section of Grupo 6 (flying IAI Dagger aircraft) found ships, which were firing at Argentine defences near the islands. The Daggers managed to attack the ships and return safely. This greatly boosted morale of the Argentine pilots, who now knew they could survive an attack against modern warships, protected by radar ground clutter from the Islands and by using a late pop-up profile.

Meanwhile, other Argentine aircraft were intercepted by BAE Sea Harriers operating from HMS Invincible. A Dagger and a Canberra were shot down.

Argentine Air Force Mirage IIIEA. Their lack of aerial refuelling capability prevented them from being used effectively over the islands in the air-air role.

Combat broke out between Sea Harrier FRS Mk 1 fighters of No. 801 Naval Air Squadron and Mirage III fighters of Grupo 8. Both sides refused to fight at the other’s best altitude, until two Mirages finally descended to engage. One was shot down by an AIM-9L Sidewinder air-to-air missile (AAM), while the other escaped but was damaged and without enough fuel to return to its mainland air base. The plane made for Stanley, where it fell victim to friendly fire from the Argentine defenders.

As a result of this experience, Argentine Air Force staff decided to employ A-4 Skyhawks and Daggers only as strike units, the Canberras only during the night, and Mirage IIIs (without air refuelling capability or any capable AAM) as decoys to lure away the British Sea Harriers. The decoying would be later extended with the formation of the Escuadron Fenix, a squadron of civilian jets flying 24 hours-a-day simulating strike aircraft preparing to attack the fleet. On one of these flights, an Air Force Learjet was shot down, killing the squadron commander, Vice Commodore Rodolfo De La Colina, the highest-ranking Argentine officer to die in the war.

A Royal Navy Sea King helicopter rescues Sqn Ldr Jerry Pook, after he was forced to bail out over the sea. His GR3 Harrier had been hit by ground fire west of Stanley on May 30.

Stanley was used as an Argentine strongpoint throughout the conflict. Despite the Black Buck and Harrier raids on Stanley airfield (no fast jets were stationed there for air defence) and overnight shelling by detached ships, it was never out of action entirely. Stanley was defended by a mixture of Surface-to-air missile (SAM) systems (Franco-German Roland and British Tigercat) and Swiss-built Oerlikon 35 mm twin anti-aircraft cannons. Lockheed Hercules transport night flights brought supplies, weapons, vehicles, and fuel, and airlifted out the wounded up until the end of the conflict. The few RN Sea Harriers were considered too valuable by day to risk in night-time blockade operations, and their Blue Fox radar was not an effective look-down over land radar.

The only Argentine Hercules shot down by the British was lost on 1 June when TC-63 was intercepted by a Sea Harrier in daylight when it was searching for the British fleet north-east of the islands after the Argentine Navy retired its last SP-2H Neptune due to airframe attrition.

Various options to attack the home base of the five Argentine Etendards at Ro Grande were examined and discounted (Operation Mikado), subsequently five Royal Navy submarines lined up, submerged, on the edge of Argentina 12-mile territorial limit to provide early warning of bombing raids on the British task force

Sinking of Belgrano

See also: Sinking of ARA General Belgrano

The ARA General Belgrano, sinking.

Two separate British naval task forces (surface vessels and submarines) and the Argentine fleet were operating in the neighbourhood of the Falklands, and soon came into conflict. The first naval loss was the World War II vintage Argentine light cruiser ARA General Belgrano. The nuclear-powered submarine HMS Conqueror sank Belgrano on 2 May. Three hundred and twenty-three members of Belgrano’s crew died in the incident. Over 700 men were rescued from the open ocean despite cold seas and stormy weather. The losses from Belgrano totalled just over half of the Argentine deaths in the Falklands conflict and the loss of the ARA General Belgrano hardened the stance of the Argentine government.

Regardless of controversies over the sinking, it had a crucial strategic effect: the elimination of the Argentine naval threat. After her loss, the entire Argentine fleet, with the exception of the conventional submarine ARA San Luis, returned to port and did not leave again for the duration of hostilities. The two escorting destroyers and the battle group centred on the aircraft carrier ARA Veinticinco de Mayo both withdrew from the area, ending the direct threat to the British fleet that their pincer movement had represented.

In a separate incident later that night, British forces engaged an Argentine patrol gunboat, the ARA Alferez Sobral. At the time, the Alferez Sobral was searching for the crew of the Argentine Air Force English Electric Canberra light bomber shot down on 1 May. Two Royal Navy Lynxes fired four Sea Skua missiles against her. Badly damaged and with eight crew dead, the Sobral managed to return to Puerto Deseado two days later, but the Canberra’s crew were never found.

Initial reports conflated the two incidents, contributing to confusion about the number of casualties and the identity of the vessel that sank. The British tabloid newspaper The Sun greeted the initial reports of the attack with the headline “GOTCHA”. This first edition was published before news was known that the Belgrano had actually sunk (reporting instead, erroneously, that the gunboat had sunk) and carried no reports of actual Argentine deaths. The headline was replaced in later editions by the slightly more tempered “Did 1,200 Argies drown?”.

Sinking of HMS Sheffield

See also: Sinking of HMS Sheffield

French-built Super Etendard of the Argentine Naval Aviation.

On 4 May, two days after the sinking of Belgrano, the British lost the Type 42 destroyer HMS Sheffield to fire following an Exocet missile strike. Sheffield had been ordered forward with two other Type 42s to provide a long-range radar and medium-high altitude missile picket far from the British carriers. She was struck amidships, with devastating effect, ultimately killing 20 crew members and severely injuring 24 others. The ship was abandoned several hours later, gutted and deformed by the fires that continued to burn for six more days. She finally sank outside the Maritime Exclusion Zone on 10 May.

The incident is described in detail by Admiral Sandy Woodward in his book One Hundred Days, Chapter One. Woodward was a former commanding officer of Sheffield.

The tempo of operations increased throughout the second half of May as United Nations attempts to mediate a peace were rejected by the British, who felt that any delay would make a campaign impractical in the South Atlantic storms. The destruction of Sheffield had a profound impact on the British public, bringing home the fact that the “Falklands Crisis”, as the BBC News put it, was now an actual “shooting war”.

SAS operations

British propaganda leaflet intended for Argentine soldiers dropped during the Falkland Islands War. Titled “Islands of the Condemned,” it warns Argentine naval ships and aircraft not to enter the Falkland Islands exclusion zone.

Given the threat to the British fleet posed by the Etendard-Exocet combination, plans were made to use Special Air Service troops to attack the home base of the five Etendards at Ro Grande, Tierra del Fuego. The operation was code named “Mikado”. The aim was to destroy the missiles and the aircraft that carried them, and to kill the pilots in their quarters. Two plans were drafted and underwent preliminary rehearsal: a landing by approximately fifty-five SAS in two C-130 Hercules aircraft directly on the runway at Rio Grande; and infiltration of twenty-four SAS by inflatable boats brought within a few miles of the coast by submarine. Neither plan was implemented; the earlier airborne assault plan attracted considerable hostility from some members of the SAS, who considered the proposed raid a suicide mission. Ironically, the Rio Grande area would be defended by four full-strength battalions of Marine Infantry of the Argentine Marine Corps of the Argentine Navy some of whose officers were trained in the UK by the SBS years earlier.

After the war, Argentine marine commanders admitted that they were waiting for some kind of landing by SAS forces but never expected a Hercules to land directly on their runways, although they would have pursued British forces even into Chilean territory if they were attacked.

An SAS reconnaissance team was dispatched to carry out preparations for a seaborne infiltration. A Westland Sea King helicopter carrying the assigned team took off from HMS Invincible on the night of 17 May, but bad weather forced it to land 50 miles (80 km) from its target, and the mission was aborted. The pilot flew to Chile and dropped off the SAS team, before setting fire to his helicopter and surrendering to the Chilean authorities. The discovery of the burnt-out helicopter attracted considerable international attention at the time.

On 14 May the SAS carried out the raid on Pebble Island at the Falklands, where the Argentine Navy had taken over a grass airfield for FMA IA 58 Pucar light ground attack aircraft and T-34 Mentors. The raid destroyed the aircraft there.

Landing at San Carlos Bomb Alley

Main article: Operation Sutton

Context of landings in the Falklands.

San Carlos landing sites.

An Argentine Air Force A-4C Skyhawk flying to the islands.

Gate guardian painted in the colours of the last A-4Q of the Argentine Navy to attack HMS Ardent. The pilot Lieutenant Marcelo Gustavo Mrquez was killed in action.

During the night on 21 May the British Amphibious Task Group under the command of Commodore Michael Clapp (Commodore, Amphibious Warfare – COMAW) mounted Operation Sutton, the amphibious landing on beaches around San Carlos Water, on the northwestern coast of East Falkland facing onto Falkland Sound. The bay, known as Bomb Alley by British forces, was the scene of repeated air attacks by low-flying Argentine jets.

The 4,000 men of 3 Commando Brigade were put ashore as follows: 2nd battalion of the Parachute Regiment (2 Para) from the RORO ferry Norland and 40 Commando (Royal Marines) from the amphibious ship HMS Fearless were landed at San Carlos (Blue Beach), 3 Para from the amphibious ship HMS Intrepid were landed at Port San Carlos (Green Beach) and 45 Commando from RFA Stromness were landed at Ajax Bay (Red Beach). Notably the waves of 8 LCUs and 8 LCVPs were led by Major Ewen Southby-Tailyour who had commanded the Falklands detachment only a year previously. 42 Commando on the ocean liner SS Canberra was a tactical reserve. Units from the Royal Artillery, Royal Engineers etc. and tanks were also put ashore with the landing craft, the Round table class LSL and mexeflote barges. Rapier missile launchers were carried as underslung loads of Sea Kings for rapid deployment.

By dawn the next day they had established a secure beachhead from which to conduct offensive operations. From there Brigadier Thompson’s plan was to capture Darwin and Goose Green before turning towards Port Stanley. Now, with the British troops on the ground, the Argentine Air Force began the night bombing campaign against them using Canberra bomber planes until the last day of the war (14 June).

At sea, the paucity of the British ships’ anti-aircraft defences was demonstrated in the sinking of HMS Ardent on 21 May, HMS Antelope on 21 May, and MV Atlantic Conveyor (struck by two AM39 Exocets) on 25 May along with a vital cargo of helicopters, runway-building equipment and tents. The loss of all but one of the Chinook helicopters being carried by the Atlantic Conveyor was a severe blow from a logistics perspective. Also lost on this day was HMS Coventry, a sister to HMS Sheffield, whilst in company with HMS Broadsword after being ordered to act as decoy to draw away Argentinian aircraft from other ships at San Carlos Bay. HMS Argonaut and HMS Brilliant were badly damaged. However, many British ships escaped terminal damage because of the Argentine pilots’ bombing tactics.

To avoid the highest concentration of British air defences, Argentine pilots released ordnance from very low altitude, and hence their bomb fuzes did not have sufficient time to arm before impact. The low release of the retarded bombs (some of which had been sold to the Argentines by the British years earlier) meant that many never exploded, as there was insufficient time in the air for them to arm themselves. A simple free-fall bomb will, during a low altitude release, impact almost directly below the aircraft which is then within the lethal fragmentation zone of the resulting explosion. A retarded bomb has a small parachute or air brake that opens to reduce the speed of the bomb to produce a safe separation between the two. The fuze for a retarded bomb requires a minimum time over which the retarder is open to ensure safe separation. The pilots would have been aware of this, but due to the high concentration levels required to avoid SAMs and AAA, as well as any British Sea Harriers, many failed to climb to the necessary release point. The problem was solved by the improvised fitting of retarding devices, allowing low-level bombing attacks as employed on 8 June.

In his autobiographical account of the Falklands War, Admiral Woodward blames the BBC World Service for these changes to the bombs. The World Service reported the lack of detonations after receiving a briefing on the matter from a Ministry of Defence official. He describes the BBC as being more concerned with being “fearless seekers after truth” than with the lives of British servicemen. Colonel ‘H’. Jones levelled similar accusations against the BBC after they disclosed the impending British attack on Goose Green by 2 Para. Jones had threatened to lead the prosecution of senior BBC officials for treason but was unable to do so since he was himself killed in action around Goose Green.

Thirteen bombs hit British ships without detonating. Lord Craig, the retired Marshal of the Royal Air Force, is said to have remarked: “Six better fuses [sic] and we would have lost” although Ardent and Antelope were both lost despite the failure of bombs to explode. The fuzes were functioning correctly, and the bombs were simply released from too low an altitude. The Argentines lost 22 aircraft in the attacks.

Battle of Goose Green

East Falkland showing San Carlos bridgehead, Teal Inlet, Mt Kent and Mt Challenger.

Main article: Battle of Goose Green

From early on 27 May until 28 May, 2 Para, (approximately 500 men) with artillery support from 8 (Alma) Commando Battery (Royal Artillery), approached and attacked Darwin and Goose Green, which was held by the Argentine 12th Infantry Regiment. After a tough struggle that lasted all night and into the next day, 17 British and 47 Argentine soldiers were killed. In total 961 Argentine troops (including 202 Argentine Air Force personnel of the Condor airfield) were taken prisoners.

The BBC announced the taking of Goose Green on the BBC World Service before it had actually happened. It was during this attack that Lieutenant Colonel H. Jones, the commanding officer of 2 Para was killed while charging into the well-prepared Argentine positions at the head of his battalion. He was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross.

With the sizeable Argentine force at Goose Green out of the way, British forces were now able to break out of the San Carlos bridgehead. On 27 May, men of 45 Cdo and 3 Para started a loaded march across East Falkland towards the coastal settlement of Teal Inlet.

Special forces on Mount Kent

Meanwhile, 42 Commando prepared to move by helicopter to Mount Kent. Unknown to senior British officers, the Argentine generals were determined to tie down the British troops in the Mount Kent area, and on 27 May and 28 May they sent transport aircraft loaded with Blowpipe surface-to-air missiles and commandos (602nd Commando Company and 601st National Gendarmerie Special Forces Squadron) to Stanley. This operation was known as Operation AUTOIMPUESTA (Self-Determination-Initiative).

For the next week, the Special Air Service (SAS) and Mountain and Arctic Warfare Cadre of 3 Commando Brigade waged intense patrol battles with patrols of the volunteers’ 602nd Commando Company under Major Aldo Rico, normally 2IC of the 22nd Mountain Infantry Regiment. Throughout 30 May, Royal Air Force Harriers were active over Mount Kent. One of them Harrier XZ 963 flown by Squadron Leader Jerry Pook in responding to a call for help from D Squadron, attacked Mount Kent’s eastern lower slopes, and that led to its loss through small-arms fire. Pook was subsequently awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross.

Entrenched Argentine soldiers.

The Argentine Navy used their last AM39 Exocet missile attempting to attack HMS Invincible on 30 May. There are claims the missile struck, however the British have denied this, some citing that HMS Avenger shot it down.

On the 31 May, the Royal Marines Mountain and Arctic Warfare Cadre (M&AWC) defeated Argentine Special Forces at the Battle of Top Malo House. A 13-strong Argentine Army Commando detachment (Captain Jose Vercesi’s 1st Assault Section, 602nd Commando Company) found itself trapped in a small shepherd’s house at Top Malo. The Argentine commandos fired from windows and doorways and then took refuge in a stream bed 200 metres (700 ft) from the burning house. Completely surrounded, they fought 19 M&AWC marines under Captain Rod Boswell for forty-five minutes until, with their ammunition almost exhausted, they elected to surrender.

Three Cadre members were badly wounded. On the Argentine side there were two dead including Lieutenant Ernesto Espinoza and Sergeant Mateo Sbert (who were decorated for their bravery). Only five Argentines were left unscathed. As the British mopped up Top Malo House, down from Malo Hill came Lieutenant Fraser Haddow’s M&AWC patrol, brandishing a large Union Flag. One wounded Argentine soldier, Lieutenant Horacio Losito, commented that their escape route would have taken them through Haddow’s position.

Major Mario Castagneto’s 601st Commandos tried to move forward on Kawasaki motorbikes and commandeered Land Rovers to rescue 602nd Commando Company on Estancia Mountain. Spotted by 42 Commando of the Royal Marines, they were engaged with 81mm mortars and forced to withdraw to Two Sisters mountain. Captain Eduardo Villarruel on Estancia Mountain realised his position had become untenable and after conferring with fellow officers ordered a withdrawal.

The Argentine operation also saw the extensive use of helicopter support to position and extract patrols; the 601st Combat Aviation Battalion also suffered casualties. At about 11.00 a.m. on 30 May, an Aerospatiale SA-330 Puma helicopter was brought down by a shoulder-launched Stinger surface-to-air missile (SAM) fired by the SAS in the vicinity of Mount Kent. Six National Gendarmerie Special Forces were killed and eight more wounded in the crash.

As Brigadier Julian Thompson commented, “It was fortunate that I had ignored the views expressed by Northwood that reconnaissance of Mount Kent before insertion of 42 Commando was superfluous. Had D Squadron not been there, the Argentine Special Forces would have caught the Commando before deplaning and, in the darkness and confusion on a strange landing zone, inflicted heavy casualties on men and helicopters.”

Bluff Cove and Fitzroy

Main article: Bluff Cove Disaster

The abandoned hulk of RFA Sir Tristram in Fitzroy.

By 1 June, with the arrival of a further 5,000 British troops of the 5th Infantry Brigade, the new British divisional commander, Major General Jeremy Moore RM, had sufficient force to start planning an offensive against Stanley.[citation needed]

During this build-up, the Argentine air assaults on the British naval forces continued, killing 56. Of the dead, 32 were from the Welsh Guards on RFA Sir Galahad and RFA Sir Tristram on 8 June. According to Surgeon-Commander Rick Jolly of the Falklands Field Hospital, more than 150 men suffered burns and injuries of some kind in the attack, including, famously, Simon Weston.

The Guards were sent to support a dashing advance along the southern approach to Stanley. On 2 June a small advance party of 2 Para moved to Swan Inlet house in a number of Army Westland Scout helicopters. Telephoning ahead to Fitzroy, they discovered the area clear of Argentines and (exceeding their authority) commandeered the one remaining RAF Chinook helicopter to frantically ferry another contingent of 2 Para ahead to Fitzroy (a settlement on Port Pleasant) and Bluff Cove (a settlement confusingly, and perhaps ultimately fatally, on Port Fitzroy).

This uncoordinated advance caused planning nightmares for the commanders of the combined operation, as they now found themselves with a 30 miles (48 km) string of indefensible positions on their southern flank. Support could not be sent by air as the single remaining Chinook was already heavily oversubscribed. The soldiers could march, but their equipment and heavy supplies would need to be ferried by sea. Plans were drawn up for half the Welsh Guards to march light on the night of 2 June, whilst the Scots Guards and the second half of the Welsh Guards were to be ferried from San Carlos Water in the Landing Ship Logistics (LSL) Sir Tristram and the landing platform dock (LPD) Intrepid on the night of 5 June. Intrepid was planned to stay one day and unload itself and as much of Sir Tristram as possible, leaving the next evening for the relative safety of San Carlos. Escorts would be provided for this day, after which Sir Tristram would be left to unload using a Mexeflote (a powered raft) for as long as it took to finish.

Political pressure from above to not risk the LPD forced Commodore Clapp to alter this plan. Two lower-value LSLs would be sent, but without suitable beaches on which to land, Intrepid’s landing craft would need to accompany them to unload. A complicated operation across several nights with Intrepid and her sister ship Fearless sailing half-way to dispatch their craft was devised. The attempted overland march by half the Welsh Guards failed, possibly as they refused to march light and attempted to carry their equipment. They returned to San Carlos and were landed directly at Bluff Cove when Fearless dispatched her landing craft. Sir Tristram sailed on the night of 6 June and was joined by Sir Galahad at dawn on 7 June. Anchored 1,200 feet (370 m) apart in Port Pleasant, the landing ships were near Fitzroy, the designated landing point.

The landing craft should have been able to unload the ships to that point relatively quickly, but confusion over the ordered disembarcation point (the first half of the Guards going direct to Bluff Cove) resulted in the senior Welsh Guards infantry officer aboard insisting his troops be ferried the far longer distance directly to Port Fitzroy/Bluff Cove. The alternative was for the infantrymen to march via the recently repaired Bluff Cove bridge (destroyed by retreating Argentine combat engineers) to their destination, a journey of around seven miles (11 km).

On Sir Galahad’s stern ramp there was an argument about what to do. The officers on board were told they could not sail to Bluff Cove that day. They were told they had to get their men off ship and onto the beach as soon as possible as the ships were vulnerable to enemy aircraft. It would take 20 minutes to transport the men to shore using the LCU and Mexeflote. They would then have the choice to walk the 7 miles to Bluff Cove or wait until dark to sail there. The officers on board said they would remain on board until dark and then sail. They refused to take their men off the ship. They possibly doubted that the bridge had been repaired due to the presence on board Sir Galahad of the Royal Engineer Troop whose job it was to repair the bridge. The Welsh Guards were keen to rejoin the rest of their Battalion who were potentially facing the enemy without their support. They had also not seen any enemy aircraft since landing at San Carlos and may have been over confident in the air defences. Ewen Southby-Tailyour gave a direct order for the men to leave the ship and go to the beach. The order was ignored.

The longer journey time of the landing craft taking the troops directly to Bluff Cove and the squabbling over how the landing was to be performed caused enormous delay in unloading. This had disastrous consequences. Without escorts, having not yet established their air defence, and still almost fully laden, the two LSLs in Port Pleasant were sitting targets for two waves of Argentine A-4 Skyhawks.

The disaster at Port Pleasant (although often known as Bluff Cove) would provide the world with some of the most sobering images of the war as TV news video footage showed Navy helicopters hovering in thick smoke to winch survivors from the burning landing ships. British casualties were 48 killed and 115 wounded. 3 Argentine pilots were also killed. However, Argentine General Mario Menendez, commander of Argentine forces in the Falklands, was told that 900 British soldiers had died. He expected that the losses would cause enemy morale to drop and the British assault to stall.

The Fall of Stanley

British paratroopers guard Argentine prisoners of war cleaning up Port Stanley.

Notable battles:

Battle of Mount Harriet

Battle of Mount Longdon

Battle of Wireless Ridge

Battle of Mount Tumbledown

Battle of Two Sisters

On the night of 11 June after several days of painstaking reconnaissance and logistic build-up, British forces launched a brigade-sized night attack against the heavily defended ring of high ground surrounding Stanley. Units of 3 Commando Brigade, supported by naval gunfire from several Royal Navy ships, simultaneously assaulted in the Battle of Mount Harriet, Battle of Two Sisters, and Battle of Mount Longdon. Mount Harriet was taken at a cost of 2 British and 18 Argentine soldiers. At Two Sisters, the British faced both enemy resistance and friendly fire, but managed to capture their objectives. The toughest battle was at Mount Longdon. British forces were bogged down by assault rifle, mortar, machine gun, artillery fire, sniper fire, and ambushes. Despite this, the British continued their advance.

During this battle, 13 were killed when HMS Glamorgan, straying too close to shore while returning from the gun line, was struck by an improvised trailer-based Exocet MM38 launcher taken from ARA Segu destroyer by Argentine Navy technicians. On this day, Sgt Ian McKay of 4 Platoon, B Company, 3 Para died in a grenade attack on an Argentine bunker, which earned him a posthumous Victoria Cross. After a night of fierce fighting, all objectives were secured. Both sides suffered heavy losses.

The night of 13 June saw the start of the second phase of attacks, in which the momentum of the initial assault was maintained. 2 Para with tank support captured Wireless Ridge at the Battle of Wireless Ridge, at a loss of 3 British and 25 Argentine dead, and the 2nd battalion, Scots Guards captured Mount Tumbledown at the Battle of Mount Tumbledown, which cost the British 10 dead and the Argentines 30 dead.

A pile of discarded Argentine weapons in Port Stanley.

With the last natural defence line at Mount Tumbledown breached, the Argentine town defences of Stanley began to falter. In the morning gloom, one company commander got lost and his junior officers became despondent. Private Santiago Carrizo of the 3rd Regiment described how a platoon commander ordered them to take up positions in the houses and “if a Kelper resists, shoot him”, but the entire company did nothing of the kind.

The commander of the Argentine garrison in Stanley, Brigade General Mario Menndez, surrendered to Major General Jeremy Moore. 9,800 Argentine troops were made prisoners of war and some 4,167 placed under the command of Major Carlos Eduardo Carrizo-Salvadores,were repatriated to Argentina on the ocean liner Canberra alone.

Surrender of Corbeta Uruguay

On 20 June the British retook the South Sandwich Islands, (which involved accepting the surrender of the Southern Thule Garrison at the Corbeta Uruguay base) and declared hostilities to be over. Argentina had established Corbeta Uruguay in 1976, but prior to 1982 the United Kingdom had contested the existence of the Argentine base only through diplomatic channels.

Casualties

‘Monumento a los Cados en Malvinas’ (Monument for the fallen on the Falkland Islands) in Plaza San Martn, Buenos Aires.

The Argentine Military Cemetery, on East Falkland.

San Carlos War Memorial and Cemetery, Falkland islands.

In total 907 were killed during the 74 days of the conflict:

Argentina – 649

Ejrcito Argentino (Army) – 194 (16 officers, 35 NCOs and 143 conscript privates)

Armada de la Repblica Argentina (Navy) – 341 (including 321 in Belgrano and 4 naval aviators)

IMARA ( Marines ) – 34

Fuerza Area Argentina (Air Force) – 55 (including 31 pilots and 14 ground crew)

Gendarmera Nacional Argentina (Border Guard) – 7

Prefectura Naval Argentina (Coast Guard) – 2

Civilian sailors – 16

United Kingdom – 258

Royal Navy – 86 + 2 Hong Kong laundrymen (see below)

Royal Marines – 27 (2 officers, 14 NCOs and 11 marines)

Royal Fleet Auxiliary – 4 + 4 Hong Kong laundrymen

Merchant Navy – 6 + 2 Hong Kong sailors

British Army – 123 (7 officers, 40 NCOs and 76 privates)

Royal Air Force – 1 (1 officer)

Falklands Islands civilians – 3 (3 women killed by friendly fire)

Of the 86 Royal Navy personnel, 22 were lost in HMS Ardent, 19 + 1 lost in HMS Sheffield, 18 + 1 lost in HMS Coventry and 13 lost in HMS Glamorgan. Fourteen naval cooks were among the dead, the largest number from any one branch in the Royal Navy.

Thirty-three of the British Army’s dead came from the Welsh Guards, 21 from the 3rd Battalion, the Parachute Regiment, 18 from the 2nd Battalion, the Parachute Regiment, 19 from the Special Air Service (SAS), 3 from Royal Signals and 8 from each of the Scots Guards and Royal Engineers.

As well as memorials on the islands, there is a memorial to the British war dead in the crypt of St Paul’s Cathedral, London. There is a memorial at Plaza San Martn in Buenos Aires for the Argentine war dead, another one in Rosario, and a third one in Ushuaia.

During the war, British dead were put into plastic body bags and buried in mass graves. After the war, the bodies were removed, given funeral services, and reburied. Argentine dead were buried on the islands during the war. The United Kingdom offered to send the bodies back to Argentina, but Argentina refused, knowing that the remains would ensure a continuing Argentine presence on the islands. There is a cemetery for Argentine dead on the islands.

There were 1,188 Argentine and 777 British non-fatal casualties. Further information about the field hospitals and hospital ships is at Ajax Bay, List of hospitals and hospital ships of the Royal Navy, HMS Hydra. On the Argentine side beside the Military Hospital at Port Stanley, the Argentine Air Force Mobile Field Hospital was deployed at Comodoro Rivadavia and the Argentine Navy ships ARA Almirante Irizar and ARA Bahia Paraiso were converted to Hospital ships

Although some have been cleared, a substantial number of minefields still exist in the islands, such as this one at Port William on East Falkland.

There are still 125 uncleared minefields on the Falkland Islands and UXOs are scattered all over the battle fields due to the soft peat ground. According to forcesmemorial.org.uk via Falklands 25’s “Official Commemorative Publication” 30 British servicemen have died on the islands since the end of the hostilities.

See also Argentine and British ground forces in the Falklands War

Aftermath

Main article: Aftermath of the Falklands War

This brief war brought many consequences for all the parties involved, besides the great loss of human life and materiel.

In the United Kingdom, Margaret Thatcher won the time and support she required for her economic measures to take effect, national pride received a big boost of confidence and assurance, the Royal Navy proved its value once more. Subsequently, Nott’s proposed cuts to the Royal Navy were abandoned.

The islanders subsequently had full British citizenship restored in 1983, their lifestyle was improved by investments Britain made after the war and the liberalisation of economic measures that had been stalled through fear of angering Argentina. In 1985, a new constitution was enacted promoting self-government, which has continued to devolve power to the islanders.

The war for Argentina also had an effect in the form of avoiding a possible war with Chile and, more importantly, the return of democracy. It had a major social impact, destroying the military image as the moral reserve of the nation that they had maintained through most of the 20th century.

Public relations

Argentina

Selected war correspondents were regularly flown to Port Stanley in military aircraft to report on the war. Back in Buenos Aires newspapers and magazines faithfully reported on “the heroic actions of the largely conscript army and its successes”.

Officers from the intelligence services were attached to the newspapers and ‘leaked’ information confirming the official communiqus from the government. The glossy magazines Gente and Siete Das swelled to sixty pages with colour photographs of British warships in flames – many of them faked – and bogus eyewitness reports of the Argentine commandos’ guerrilla war on South Georgia 6 May and an already dead Pucar pilot’s attack on HMS Hermes (Lt. Daniel Antonio Jukic had been killed at Goose Green during a British air strike on 1 May). Most of the faked photos actually came from the tabloid press.

The Argentine troops on the Falkland Islands could read Gaceta Argentina newspaper intended to boost the morale among the servicemen. Some of its untruths could easily be unveiled by the soldiers who recovered corpses.

The Malvinas course united the Argentines in a patriotic atmosphere that protected the junta from critics, and even opposers of the military government supported Galtieri; Ernesto Sabato said: “Don’t be mistaken, Europe; it is not a dictatorship who is fighting for the Malvinas, it is the whole Nation. Opposers of the military dictatorship, like me, are fighting to extirpate the last trace of colonialism.” Even the Madres de Plaza de Mayo were exposed to death threats from ordinary people.

HMS Invincible was repeatedly sunk in the Argentine press, and on 30 April 1982 the Argentine magazine Tal Cual showed UK’s PM Thatcher with an eyepatch and the text: Pirate, witch and assassin. Guilty!

Three British reporters sent to Argentina to cover the war from the ‘other side’ were jailed until the end of the war.

United Kingdom

The Sun’s “Gotcha” headline.

Seventeen newspaper reporters, two photographers, two radio reporters and three television reporters with five technicians sailed with the Task Force to the war. The Newspaper Publishers’ Association selected them from among 160 applicants, excluding foreign media. Due to the hasty departure, not all of them were “the right stuff”: two journalists on HMS Invincible were interested in nothing but Queen Elizabeth II’s son Prince Andrew.

Merchant vessels had the civilian Inmarsat uplink, which enabled written telex and voice report transmissions via satellite. Canberra had a facsimile machine that was used to upload 202 pictures from the South Atlantic over the course of the war. The Royal Navy leased bandwidth on the US Defense Satellite Communications System for worldwide communications. Television demands a thousand times the data rate of telephone, but the MoD was unsuccessful in convincing the US to allocate more bandwidth. TV producers suspected that the enquiry was half-hearted; since the Vietnam War television pictures of casualties and traumatised soldiers were recognised as having negative propaganda value. However the technology only allowed uploading a single frame per 20 minutes – and only if the military satellites were allocated 100 % to television transmissions. Videotapes were shipped to Ascension Island, where a broadband satellite uplink was available, resulting in TV coverage being delayed by three weeks.

The press was very dependent on the Royal Navy, and was censored on site. Many reporters in the UK knew more about the war than those with the Task Force.

The Royal Navy expected Fleet Street to conduct a World War Two style positive news campaign but the majority of the British media, especially the BBC, reported the war in a neutral fashion. These reporters referred to “the British troops” and “the Argentinian troops” instead of “our lads” and the dehumanised “Argies”. The two main tabloid papers presented opposing viewpoints: The Daily Mirror was decidedly anti-war, whilst The Sun became notorious for its jingoistic and xenophobic headlines, including the 20 April headline “Stick It Up Your Junta!”, and was condemned for the “Gotcha” headline following the sinking of the ARA General Belgrano.

Cultural impact

Main article: Cultural impact of the Falklands War

Newsweek magazine cover, 19 April 1982. HMS Hermes pictured.

There were wide-ranging influences on popular culture in both the UK and Argentina, from the immediate postwar period to the present. The words yomp and Exocet entered the British vernacular as a result of the war. The Falklands War also provided material for theatre, film and TV drama and influenced the output of musicians including (among others) Iron Maiden, Pink Floyd, New Order, Gang of Four, Joe Jackson, Crass, Dire Straits (the song Brothers in arms was played in memory of the dead soldiers), New Model Army, The Levellers, Steve Dahl, Latin Quarter, the Super Furry Animals, and Elvis Costello, whose song “Shipbuilding”, sung by Robert Wyatt, reached the British top 40.

See also

Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute

Re-establishment of British rule on the Falklands (1833)

Beagle conflict between Chile and Argentina in 1978

Operation Soberana Argentine Military Planning against Chile

British logistics in the Falklands War

Argentine air forces in the Falklands War

British air services in the Falklands War

Operation Algeciras A failed plan conceived by the Argentine military to send some Montoneros to sabotage the British military facilities in Gibraltar.

Notes

^ “Falklands 25: Background Briefing”. Ministry of Defence. http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/FactSheets/Falklands25BackgroundBriefing.htm. Retrieved 2009-11-01. 

^ “:: Ministerio de Defensa – Repblica Argentina ::” (in Spanish). www.mindef.gov.ar. http://www.mindef.gov.ar/veteranos Malvinas.html. Retrieved 2009-11-01. 

^ Location: “Falklands War Falkland Islands”alkland Islands,slas Malvinas(linkback:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War)

^ Location: “Falklands War South Georgia”outh Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands,K(linkback:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War)

^ a b “Falkland Islands – A history of the 1982 conflict”. Raf.mod.uk. 2004-10-01. http://www.raf.mod.uk/falklands/rollofhonour.html. Retrieved 2010-02-07. 

^ Argentine Foreign Office 11 feb 2010

^ Constitucin Nacional: “La Nacin Argentina ratifica su legtima e imprescriptible soberana sobre las Islas Malvinas, Georgias del Sur y Sandwich del Sur y los espacios martimos e insulares correspondientes, por ser parte integrante del territorio nacional”

^ “Cmo evitar que Londres convierta a las Malvinas en un Estado independiente”. Clarin.com. http://www.clarin.com/suplementos/zona/2007/04/01/z-03415.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-07. 

^ “Argentina – the horrors of a dictatorial past live on – Radio Netherlands Worldwide – English”. Radionetherlands.nl. 2006-03-30. http://www.radionetherlands.nl/currentaffairs/arg060330mc. Retrieved 2010-02-07. 

^ (in Spanish) Malvinas, La Trama Secreta. Buenos Aires: Sudamericana/Planeta. 1983. ISBN 9789503700068. [page needed]

^ “Que tena que ver con despertar el orgullo nacional y con otra cosa. La junta altieri me lo dijo nunca crey que los britnicos daran pelea. l crea que Occidente se haba corrompido. Que los britnicos no tenan Dios, que Estados Unidos se haba corrompido… Nunca lo pude convencer de que ellos no slo iban a pelear, que adems iban a ganar.” (“This was neither about national pride nor anything else. The junta altieri told me never believed the British would respond. He thought the Western World was corrupt. That the British people had no God, that the US was corrupt… I could never convince him that the British would not only fight back but also win [the war].”) La Nacin / Islas Malvinas Online. “Haig: “Malvinas fue mi Waterloo”". http://www.malvinasonline.com.ar/g82/artic/aresp004.htm#Haig. Retrieved September 21, 2006. [dead link] (Spanish)

^ “Ministerio de Educacin, Ciencia y Tecnologa de la Nacin” (PDF). http://www.me.gov.ar/curriform/publica/sirlin_conv_dictadura.pdf. Retrieved 2010-02-07. 

^ a b c Jimmy Burns: The land that lost its heroes, 1987, Bloomsbury Publishing, ISBN 0-7475-0002-9

^ “”En Buenos Aires, la Junta comenz a estudiar la posibilidad de ocupar las Islas Malvinas y Georgias antes de que los britnicos pudieran reforzarlas””. Portierramaryaire.com. http://www.portierramaryaire.com/arts/malvinas_1.php. Retrieved 2010-02-07. 

^ Briley, Harold (9 April 1997). “Obituary: Captain Nicholas Barker” (subscription required for online access via NewsUK newspaper archive website). The Independent: p. 16. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2003&res_dat=xri:pqil:res_ver=0.2&res_id=xri:newsuk&rft_id=xri:newsuk:newsart:36868535. Retrieved 23 September 2009. 

^ “high cost of cuts, The | Spectator, The | Find Articles at BNET.com”. Findarticles.com. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3724/is_199705/ai_n8781734. Retrieved 2010-02-07. 

^ Margolis, Laurie (2007-04-02). “UK | How BBC man scooped invasion news”. BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6514011.stm. Retrieved 2010-02-07. 

^ One Hundred Days Woodward, Admiral Sandy (1992) Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, p.72. ISBN 9781557506511; ISBN 9781557506528. Cited in To Rule The Waves: How the British Navy Shaped the Modern World Herman, A (2004) Harper Collins, New York, p.560

^ Grimmett, Richard F. (1 June 1999). “Foreign Policy Roles of the President and Congress”. U.S. Department of State. http://fpc.state.gov/6172.htm#President_as_Initiator. Retrieved 2010-02-24. 

^ Brown 1987, p. 110

^ a b “Submarine Operations during the Falklands War – US Naval War College”. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA279554. Retrieved 2010-02-07. 

^ “1982: Marines land in South Georgia”. BBC. 25 April 1982. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/25/newsid_2503000/2503977.stm. Retrieved 20 June 2005. 

^ “… to get twenty-one bombs to Port Stanley is going to take about one million, one hundred thousand pounds of fuel – equalled[sic] about 137,000 gallons. That was enough fuel to fly 260 Sea Harrier bombing missions over Port Stanley. Which in turn meant just over 1300 bombs. Interesting stuff!” page 186 in Sharkey Ward: Sea Harrier over the Falklands, 1992, Cassell Military Paperbacks, ISBN 0-304-35542-9

^ “Propaganda was, of course, used later to try to justify these missions: ‘The Mirage IIIs were redrawn from Southern Argentina to Buenos Aires to add to the defences there following the Vulcan raids on the islands.’ Apparently the logic behind this statement was that if the Vulcan could hit Port Stanley, the[sic] Buenos Aires was well within range as well and was vulnerable to similar attacks. I never went along with that baloney. A lone Vulcan or two running in to attack Buenos Aires without fighter support would have been shot to hell in quick time.”-”Mirage IIIs were in evidence near the islands on several occasions during the conflict, either escorting the Neptune reconnaissance missions or on ‘interference’ flights that attempted to draw CAP attention away from air-to-ground attacks.”-”Suffice it to say that you didn’t need more than one or two Mirage IIIs to intercept a Vulcan attack on Buenos Aires”-”It would have taken much more than a lone Vulcan raid to upset Buenos Aires” pages 247-48 in Sea Harrier over the Falklands

^ “Offensive Air Operations Of The Falklands War”. Globalsecurity.org. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/DWF.htm. “”As a result of these heavy losses…it was decided to pull the Mirage III’s back to the mainland to stand alert for a possible Vulcan attack.”" 

^ “The Falkland Islands Conflict, 1982: Air Defense Of The Fleet”. Globalsecurity.org. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/HJA.htm. “”Finally, the bombing raids caused the Argentines to fear an air attack on the mainland, causing them to retain some Mirage aircraft and Roland missiles for defense.”" 

^ “La familia Mirage” (in Spanish), Aeroespacio (Fuerza Aerea Argentina), ISSN 0001-9127, http://www.aeroespacio.com.ar/site/anteriores/520-528/520/mirage.htm, “”Los M III deban defender el territorio continental argentino de posibles ataques de los bombarderos Vulcan de la RAF, brindar escolta a los cazabombarderos de la FAA, e impedir los ataques de aviones de la Royal Navy y de la RAF sobre las Malvinas.”

(“The M III would defend the Argentine mainland against possible attacks by Vulcan bombers from the RAF, providing escort of fighter bombers to the FAA, and to prevent attacks by aircraft of the Royal Navy and RAF on the Falklands.”)” 

^ “The Falkland Islands Conflict, 1982: Air Defense Of The Fleet”. Globalsecurity.org. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/HJA.htm. “”Unfortunately the British Secretary of State for Defence announced sometime later that Britain would not bomb targets on the Argentine mainland. This statement was undoubtedly welcomed by the Argentine military command because it permitted the very limited number of Roland SAM’s to be deployed around the airfield at Stanley.”" 

^ Rodrguez Mottino, Horacio: La Artillera Argentina en Malvinas. Ed. Clo, 1985. Page 170

^ “Fuerza Area Argentina”. Fuerzaaerea.mil.ar. http://www.fuerzaaerea.mil.ar/conflicto/caidos/baja01.html. Retrieved 2010-02-07. 

^ “noticias”. Madryn.gov.ar. 2009-04-02. http://www.madryn.gov.ar/noticias.php?newsid=3213. Retrieved 2010-02-07. 

^ Sharkey Ward (2003). Sea Harrier Over The Falklands. Cassell. ISBN 0-304-35542-9. 

^ “Fuerza Area Argentina”. Fuerzaaerea.mil.ar. http://www.fuerzaaerea.mil.ar/conflicto/dias/jun01.html. Retrieved 2010-02-07. 

^ “ASN Aircraft accident description Lockheed C-130H Hercules TC-63 – Pebble Island”. Aviation-safety.net. http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19820601-0&lang=en. Retrieved 2010-02-07. 

^ Evans, Michael (November 27, 2007). “Underwater and undercover: how nuclear subs were first line of Falklands defence”. Times Online. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article2950936.ece. 

^ Admiral Sandy Woodward, One Hundred Days, page 8. ISBN 9780007134670

^ “The SAS vs the Exocet”. www.eliteukforces.info. 2007-10-27. http://www.eliteukforces.info/articles/sas-versus-exocets.php#prof. Retrieved 2010-02-07. 

^ Smith, Michael (08 Mar 2002). “SAS ’suicide mission’ to wipe out Exocets”. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2002/03/08/nfalk08.xml. 

^ Middlebrook, p. 75.

^ La Infantera de Marina de la Armada Argentina en el Conflicto del Atlntico Sur, ISBN 987-433-641-2

^ Thatcher in the dark on sinking of Belgrano – Times Online[dead link]

^ Location: “Bomb Alley”an Carlos Water,alkland Islands(linkback:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War#Landing_at_San_Carlos_.E2.80.94_Bomb_Alley)

^ Yates, David (2006). Bomb Alley – Falkland Islands 1982. Pen and Sword. ISBN 9781844154173. [page needed]

^ “Americas | Charles ends Falklands tour on sombre note”. BBC News. 1999-03-15. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/297414.stm. Retrieved 2010-02-07. 

^ Rumley, Leesa (2007-06-01). “Captain Hart Dyke, Commanding Officer of ”HMS Coventry””. BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6705387.stm. Retrieved 2010-02-07. 

^ a b Sandy Woodward (2003). One Hundred Days: The Memoirs of the Falklands Battle Group Commander. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-0071-3467-3; ISBN 9781557506511; ISBN 9781557506528.. 

^ “British Ships Sunk and Damaged – Falklands War 1982″. Naval-history.net. http://www.naval-history.net/F62brshipslost.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-07. 

^ Gethin Chamberlain (5 April 2002). “Would British forces be able to retake the Falklands today?” (subscription required to access archive service). The Scotsman: p. 12. Archived from the original on 5 April 2002. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2003&res_dat=xri:pqil:res_ver=0.2&res_id=xri:newsuk&rft_id=xri:newsuk:newsart:112991016. 

^ “Falklands Conflict : Battles : History”. Royal Navy. 1982-04-02. http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.3956. Retrieved 2010-02-07. 

^ [May 21/27th: 9 Dagger, 5 A-4C, 3 A-4Q, 3 A-4B & 2 Pucara ]

^ Location: “Mount Kent”ount Kent,alkland Islands(linkback:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War#Special_forces_on_Mount_Kent)

^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 49134, p. 12854, 8 October 1982. Retrieved on 19 February 2010.

^ “Argentine Aircraft in the Falklands”. Britains-smallwars.com. http://www.britains-smallwars.com/Falklands/Exocet.html. Retrieved 2010-02-07. 

^ “Argentine Air Force – Group 5″. Skyhawk.org. http://www.skyhawk.org/2e/argentina/argentina-af4th5th.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-07. 

^ “Super Etendard”. Operationcorporate.com. 2007-05-29. http://www.operationco…
About the Author

I am a professional editor from
Chinese Manufacturers
, and my work is to promote a free online trade platform.
http://www.chinaqualitycrafts.com/ contain a great deal of information about

double foot pedal
,
car lighter socket

welcome to visit!

Anglia News Chinook helicopter Crash & Ryanair Fees & Ipswich Hospital Meningitis

flight safety international magazine

You have been given a chance of your life. A vacation leave from the company you worked for years. What you want to do is to pack your bags, take the kids with you and escape for a while to some interesting country. You want to take a breather from the pressures of daily life. For a weekend or a week, it’s just going to be your happy family vacation and some good ol’ rest and recreation.

So where to go and what to do? I will invite you to Florida where food is delicious, the climate is good and there’s plenty to enjoy for both adults and kids. Before you proceed in reading this, I will recommend you to pack your things, kick off your shoes, relax and let me take you on a tour to two of the most beautiful spots in Florida.

Destination: Orlando Florida

Orlando as of 2000 census has a city population of 185,951. It houses Florida’s 2nd largest university which is the University of Central Florida. Orlando is the 6th largest city of Florida State. This city is not only known for tourist attractions but also known for being a leader in research and medical care. Orlando carries a nickname “city beautiful” with a symbol Lake Eola fountain.

Sights to See:

A. The Walt Disney World

Walt Disney continuous to be a top vacation destination for families around the world. Orlando also has its Walt Disney World; it has 4 huge parks full of shows, rides and other attractions. There are also shopping venues for shopping addicts and fine restaurants to satisfy your stomachs’ appetite.

Several parks fill the Walt Disney Florida. One is Magic Kingdom which was the first theme park in Disney and the most famous. Second is the animal kingdom is the latest addition to the Disney theme parks. Animal Kingdom Park combines an animal experience to the classic rides, attractions and shows Disneyland is well known for. Epcot Park holds futuristic and educational attractions for fun and learning. The MGM Studious contains a tower of terror. The tower looks very vintage and luxurious from outside but the sights inside will frighten your heart out!

B. Universal Orlando Resort

The resort has two theme parks, luxurious hotels, dining, nightlife and shopping venues. Universal Orlando Resort is just a different world; it also contains the Universal Studious where you can enjoy the ride while watching movies. It is very informative because you will learn how movies are made and the secrets behind some movie effects.

C. Adventure Islands

Looking for adventure? The Islands of Adventure can give you some! There are wild rides and roller coasters in this newest park in Orlando. Truly a great and wild way to enjoy your vacation.

D. Sea world Adventure Park

Sea world is a well known aquatic park of Orlando Florida. Aside from the breath taking rides to enjoy, there are animal shows where you can see smart animals doing their amazing stunts.

Other spots in Orlando are the Universal City Walk, Busch Gardens, Discovery Cove and Cypress Gardens for nature lovers, Orlando Science Center and Kennedy Space Center for space enthusiasts; Pleasure Island for nightlife and a collection of Ripley’s believe it or not artifacts.

Destination: Miami Florida

Miami is located at the south eastern part of Florida. It has a mild climate all year round and is famous for beautiful beaches. In 2002, the Natural Health Magazine ranked Miami as the number 1 Healthiest City in the nation. Miami is the number one choice for boating enthusiast and active travelers.

Sights to See:

A. Miami Beach was listed as a historic district in 1979. Thanks to Miami Vice, this TV serves as advertisement to the public and has given the city much recognition.

B. South Beach is located along Bay Road and West Avenue at Miami Beach’s western edge. Therein located the grandest island hotels such as Mondrian Hotel.

Numerous restaurants such as The Capital Grille, Palm, Porcao, Knife Steakhouse etc. Serve grilled steaks and other delicious foods. There are also hotels luxuriously serving 24/7 everyday for a day or week long vacation.

I have only mentioned two of the well known paradise escapes in Florida. There are numerous other destinations that you and your family can consider such as Atlantic beaches, Bimini Bahamas, Cedar Islands, Florida Gulf.

Florida is obviously blessed with numerous beaches, rich hotels, and beautiful spots that is suited for a family vacation. The best thing is for the family to unwind and have a good time to reunite. Never mind the expense, it will pour out again when you come back and be stressed with bulk of work. What is essential is for you to be focused on the vacation and your family once in a while.

For more information go to: http://www.bigfloridavacation.com http://www.aperfectharmony.com or http://www.a-1hypnosis.com

Buffalo Plane Crash