Helicopter Pilot Training

How do I sign up to take the private pilot knowledge test?

Is there a test center I can call? How long typically is the wait to actually take the test once signed up? Please help with any tips you might have for studying for the test!.

Your instructor didn’t explain this to you?? They should have.

There are many testing centers throughout the US. You can find a list here:

http://www.faa.gov/education_research/testing/airmen/media/test_centers.pdf

Find the center nearest you and give them a call a few days before you are ready to take the test (study for it first, then set up the test). You shouldn’t have to wait long at all. The centers in my area allow walk-ins, but it’s best to call ahead to make sure they aren’t closed or busy that day, and to confirm their fee. You will need an instructor endorsement in your logbook to take the test, along with photo ID and testing fee (usually $80-90).

On the day of the test, you go in and they will set you up on one of the computers and explain the procedure to you. They will provide a test supplement (with diagrams, etc.). Then you just take it, and it is scored right there. Keep the print out they give you, because you will need it later.

I recommend the ASA test prep books. They give you the entire question pool from which your test will be taken, and they divide it into logical categories. They also tell you which questions apply to you, and they explain the right answers. Just memorize the hell out of that book.

There are many other test prep materials out there, but I have always used the ASA books, and all of my students have passed the first time with them. Many people like the CD’s too if you want to use those. You can find them here, or at pretty much any pilot shop:

http://www.sportys.com/acb/showdetl.cfm?DID=19&Product_ID=7204&CATID=180

You can find the FAA question bank for free here, but it is less helpful for actual study:

http://www.faa.gov/education_research/testing/airmen/test_questions/media/pvt.pdf

You can take practice exams for free here (NB: I’m not sure how current their question banks are):

http://www.exams4pilots.org/

You can find more information about the written test here:

http://www.faa.gov/education_research/testing/airmen/test_guides/media/FAA-G-8082-17C.pdf

Good luck!

First Private Pilot training

Ang Kasaysayan ng Austrian Airlines Sa jfk

1. Austrian Airlines 'pinagmulan

Austrian Airline's simula ay maaaring traced pabalik sa Marso 20, 1918, sa panahon na Austrian ang Postal Administration ay inaugurated araw-araw na naka-iskedyul na mail na serbisyo mula sa Vienna sa Kiew sa intermediate hihinto sa Krakow, Lwow, at Proskurow, isang ruta na ang average na yugto haba ay 250 na kilometro. Kapag ang puwang ay pinahihintulutan, pasahero ay din ay dinala. Ang mataas na matagumpay, hindi nagkukulang sa oras ng serbisyo ay mamaya extended Proskurow mula sa Odessa at mula sa Vienna sa Budapest. Gayunman, ang isang flight pagbabawal, ipinatupad sa dulo ng World War I, ay nagdulot sa kanyang pagtatapos.

Kailan ban ay ang sa wakas ay lifted, Austria dakong huli reentered ang sibil abyasyon merkado sa pamamagitan ng founding ng Oesterreichische Luftverkehrs AG (OELAG) sa Mayo 12, 1923 na may isang paunang 1,000,000 Crown investment Pinautang sa pamamagitan ng Junkers, isang Aleman tagagawa ng mga sasakyang panghimpapawid (49 porsiyento), at iba't-ibang shareholders Austrian (51 porsiyento). Commencing naka-iskedyul na serbisyo mula sa Munich sa ilang Vienna dalawang araw mamaya, ito ay utilized isang Junkers F.13, ang isang solong-motor, mababa-pakpak na monoplane ay itinampok ng isang kalakip sabungan at pasahero cabin at ay nagpahinga sa likod o hulihan ng isang gulong. OELAG huli pinamamahalaan ng ilang mga bersyon ng ito magaspang, ngunit (pagkatapos) modernong disenyo, at pagtaas ng demand sa lalong madaling panahon ay necessitated mas malalaking sasakyang panghimpapawid, ang unang na kung saan ay isang mas mataas na-kapasidad, tri-motor Junkers G.24 inihatid sa 1927 at ang pangalawang ng kung saan ay ang mas advance na G.31, inihatid ang mga sumusunod na taon. Marahil na ang panghuli disenyo ay ang Junkers Ju.52/3m, isang tri-motor, 18-pasahero airliner na may gross bigat ng £ 24,000 at isang paglalakbay-dagat bilis na higit sa 150 mph, na kung saan ay sumali sa armada sa 1936. Karamihan sa mga malalaking East at West European bandila carrier ay pinamamahalaan din ang uri sa oras na ito.

Sa pamamagitan ng mga sumusunod na taon, ruta sistema OELAG's ay radiated sa Athens, Belgrade, Berlin, London, Paris, Prague, Roma, at Zurich, bilang karagdagan sa incorporating ilang Austrian domestic destinasyon, na may marami ng serbisyo araw-araw. Ito kalaunan ay naging ang ika-apat na pinakamalaking European carrier pagkatapos ng Lufthansa, KLM, at Air France, na may 975,840 upuan lingguhang-kilometro. Nagkakatulad sa OELAG's paglago ay ang pagkumpleto ng limang Austrian paliparan – namely, Graz, Innsbruck, Klagenfurt, Salzburg, at Vienna.

Kapag Austria ay buyo sa Ikatlong Reich sa 1938, OELAG ay inkorporada sa Deutsche Luft Hansa (DLH). Gayunpaman, ito ay sobra 120,000 pasahero 7,500,000 kilometro na walang bagsik pumatay sa panahon ng kanyang papaghariin.

2. Initial paglago

Kailan World War II ay natapos na, Austria, ngayon ay nagsasarili, ay naka-sign ng Peace Treaty sa lahat ng apat na occupying kapangyarihan sa 1955, at nagkaroon muli ng hinahangad na pumasok sa larangan sibil abyasyon sa pamamagitan ng pagbabalangkas ng isang bandila carrier. Dalawang tulad pambansang Airlines ay tunay na iminungkahi: Air Austria, nabuo sa pamamagitan ng Austrian People's Party at sa malaking titik sa pamamagitan ng KLM at mamaya Fred Olsen, isang Norwegian arkilahin kumpanya, at Austrian Airways, nabuo sa pamamagitan ng Austrian Partido Sosyalista at pananalapi suportado ng SAS. Ni kailanman flew at ang dalawang huli ay pinagsama sa Septiyembre 30, 1957 sa form isang pinagsama-samang kumpanya na may isang paunang puhunan AUS 60,000,000 na pinagtibay, Phoenix-gusto, ang pre-digmaan pangalan ng Oesterreichische Luftverkehrs AG, ngunit na ang Ingles na katumbas ng "Austrian Airlines "ay ngayon ay ginagamit. Ang eroplano ay kaya ay ipinanganak.

Pagmamay-ari ay encompassed Austrian pribadong namumuhunan, sa 42 porsiyento; pampublikong negosyo, sa 28 porsiyento; SAS, sa 15 porsiyento; at Fred Olsen, sa 15 porsiyento. Austrian inaugurated naka-iskedyul na serbisyo sa Marso 31, 1958 matapos ang isang 20-taong suspensyon sa apat na naupahan V.779 Vickers Viscounts, isang medium-kapasidad, apat na-motor turboprop airliner dinisenyo sa Great Britain at sa una deployed sa ruta Vienna-Zurich-London. Austrian ay sa wakas bumalik sa langit.

Paglaki pumunta na mabilis at, sa 1960, ito kinuha sa paghahatid ng unang apat na ng mas malaking-kapasidad, stretched Vickers V.837 Viscounts, kung saan ito inaugurated sa serbisyo sa May 23, at ang mga sumusunod na taon na ito natanggap ang Vickers V.845 biskonde para sa bahagyang mas mababa ruta-kakayahan. Parehong British turboprops ibinigay maaasahang, matipid na serbisyo, ang V.837 hindi nagretiro hanggang 1971. Ang Douglas DC-3, ang pinakamahusay na-nagbebenta sibil airliner ng lahat ng oras, ay din na nakuha sa oras na ito at had-enable ang Austrian upang pasinayaan domestic serbisyo sa Mayo 1, 1963, isang ruta na kung saan ay mamaya ay nagsilbi sa pamamagitan ng Austrian Air Services. sasakyang panghimpapawid na ito ay papalitan ng mas advanced na, mas malaki-kapasidad, turboprop-pinapatakbo maglalako Siddeley HS.748-2 sa 1966, isa pang British disenyo.

Awstrya Airlines ipinasok ang jet edad sa 20 Pebrero 1963 kapag ito ay inaugurated ang unang ng limang Sud-Aviation SE.210-VIR Caravelle dalawang jets sa serbisyo at i-set ang entablado para sa kanyang diskarte sa katapusan ng operating maikling-to medium-range, mababa-sa-daluyan kapasidad, t-tailed dalawang jets sa isang nakararami European (at mamaya North African at Middle Eastern) ruta istraktura. Designed sa Pransya, ang Caravelle ay tahimik, cruised sa itaas ng mga taya ng panahon, at nabawasan ang lipad ulit sa pagitan ng European capitals, at ay, sa katunayan, ay ang unang disenyo sa permit pangkabuhayan, maikling-saklaw, wagas ang pag-jet serbisyo.  

3. Transatlantiko Eksperimento

Laban sa pinaka-European carrier bandila, na kung saan ay pinamamahalaan transatlantiko serbisyo sa Estados Stares at Canada na may patyo sa loob-motor DC-4s mula noong World War II, Austrian Airlines ay pinananatili nito daluyan-saklaw ruta sistema hanggang Abril 1, 1969. Ito ay sa oras na ito na ito ay stretched ang kanyang mga pakpak sa kabila ng Atlantic na may isang malaking-kapasidad, lupalop Boeing 707-320, nakarehistro Oe-LBA at mula sa chartered Sabena Belgian World Airways, na kung saan ay deployed sa ruta Vienna-New York na may isang intermediate hihinto sa Brussels. ito sa tinatawag na "transatlantiko eksperimento," sa kabila ng Austrian's pagkaantala sa paglunsad ito, ay napatunayan sa huli parehong napaaga at pananalapi hindi mabuti para sa isa sa dalawang pangunahing dahilan:

1. Ang mga bahay sa merkado ay pa rin ay masyadong maliit.

2. Vienna-Schwechat ay insufficiently binuo bilang isang sentro, na nagbibigay ng ilang connecting flight na kung saan ito transatlantiko serbisyo ay maaaring ilipat ang mga pasahero.

Resultantly, matapos ang isang dalawang-taon ng pagsubok, ang 707 ay ibabalik sa Sabena sa Marso 31, 1971, nag-iwan Austrian isang beses muli upang pisanin sa nito lalo na kontinental ruta sistema para sa siyam na maikling-to medium-range, mababang-kapasidad McDonnell-Douglas DC-9-30s ay iniutos.

Similar sa pangkalahatang disenyo sa Caravelle, ngunit panindang sa Estados Unidos, ang t-tailed jetliner inaalok ng isang bahagyang mas mataas na kapasidad na pasahero, mas higit na kakayahan kargamento, ang isang mas mataas na gross weight, mas malakas na engine, at pinabuting ekonomiya, at sa mga ito Austrian ipinasok ang isang bagong panahon na kung saan ay halos span dalawang dekada. mamaya Ito ay inilarawan sa disenyo na ito bilang "ang simula ng isang bagay na malaki, klasiko at modernong pa rin." Ang unang DC-9-30 ay inihatid sa Hunyo 19, 1971 at ang mga uri ng madaling pinatunayan na ang tanging inaasahan ng kanyang plota.

Sa 1974, Austrian naupahan ng isang McDonnell-Douglas DC-8-63F, nakarehistro Oe-IBO, mula sa Overseas National Airways (Ona) para sa mga karga ng mga serbisyo sa Hong Kong, ngunit ang mga ito ay mamaya hindi na ipinagpatuloy. Iba Pang kaysa sa 707-320, ang DC-8-63F ay nito lamang ng iba pang malalaking kapasidad, mahaba-saklaw, patyo sa loob-motor jet.

Kaya maraming nalalaman at popular ay ang DC-9 disenyo napatunayan kanyang sarili na, na Austrian mamaya iniutos limang stretched, mas mataas na-kapasidad DC-9-50s. Ang unang ng mga ito ay inihatid sa Septiyembre 14, 1975.

Na ang mga dalawang motor sasakyang panghimpapawid at ang mga pigil ng kanyang transatlantiko serbisyo ay tamang istratehiya para sa Austrian pambansang carrier ay makikita sa pamamagitan ng kanyang positibong paglago. Sa Hunyo 26, 1974, halimbawa, ng isang bagong base maintenance ay binuksan sa Schwechat International Airport-Vienna. halaga nito ay nagkaroon din ng patuloy na bumukol: sa 1967 ang kanyang share kabisera ay nadagdagan ng AUS 140,000,000 sa AUS 290,000,000. Sa 1969, sa karagdagang ito ay nadagdagan sa 390,000,000. At sa 1962 ito ay umabot na sa 1000000000 markahan. Habang ang bawat ng tatlong taon, 1972-1974, ito ay nai-post ng isang tubo. Ang ruta sistema ay pinalawak na pare-pareho: sa 1976, Austrian had stretched ang kanyang mga pakpak sa Cairo sa Gitnang Silangan at sa Stockholm at Helsinki sa Skandinabya.

Demand, malapit outpacing kapasidad, ay necessitated ng isang paunang-order para sa walong McDonnell-Douglas DC-9-80s na palitan ang kanyang mga umiiral na DC-9-50s. Gayundin hinirang DC-9 Super 80, sasakyang panghimpapawid na ito ay isang mas modernized na bersyon ng nakaraang baryante -50 serye para sa daluyan-saklaw na paglawak at itinampok ng isang karagdagang kahabaan katawan ng eruplano para sa pa mas mataas na kapasidad at refanned, mas mataas na-malakas na tulak, at mas fuel-mabisa Pratt at Whitney JT8D-209 engine. Austrian, na shared ang pagkakaiba ng pagiging paglunsad ng customer para sa mga disenyo ng Swissair, inaugurated ang unang haba DC-9-81 sa serbisyo sa Oktubre 26, 1980 sa Vienna-Zurich ruta sa mga sasakyang panghimpapawid-Oe LDR "Wien." Ang dalawang jet ay mamaya redesignated MD-81 at mabilis na naging short-to medium-range workhorse ng kanyang plota.

Bagong mga karagdagan sa kanyang kailanman-palawakin ruta sistema kasama Larnaca sa 1979; Jeddah, din sa 1979; at Tripoli sa 1981.

Isa pang milyahe 1980 ay ang pundasyon ng Austrian Air Services (AAS), na kung saan ay sa wakas maging isang wholly-owned subsidiary, para gumana Austrian domestic mga ruta gamit ang dalawang 19-pasahero, kambal-turboprop Fairchild Swearingen Metro II commuter sasakyang panghimpapawid. Ang unang tulad ng serbisyo ay pinamamahalaan noong Abril 1.

Awstrya plied makinis alangaang. Sa katunayan, ang kanyang 1980 balanse sheet ay ipinahiwatig ng isang AUS 71,500,000 neto, sa kanyang 10 magkakasunod na isa.

Ang MD-81, intemittently proving kanyang sarili upang maging bilang mahusay angkop sa kanyang ruta bilang sistema ng kambal-jet SE.210-VIR, ang DC-9-30, at ang mga DC-9-50 ay, ay sinundan sa pamamagitan ng kanyang mga maiikling-katawan ng eruplano nanggaling, ang MD-87 , na Austrian iniutos sa Disyembre 19, 1984 para sa mas mababang-kapasidad sektor ng ruta, at ang Austrian Air Services mabilis ay pantay-upgrade sa ang karagdagan ng dalawang 50-pasahero Fokker F.50 kambal-turboprops na kung saan ay iniutos sa Septiyembre 25 ng susunod na taon.

4. Transatlantiko Bumalik

Operating isang modernong, fuel-mahusay na mabilis sa isang pagpapalawak ng mga ruta sistema at dala halos 1,500,000 mga pasahero sa 1986, Austrian muli contemplated lupalop ng serbisyo, ngayon pareho sa New York sa kanluran at sa Tokyo sa silangan, at papunta sa dulo na ito ito ay convert nito nakaraang order para sa dalawang daluyan-saklaw Industrie Airbus A-310-200s na ang pang-hanay A-310-300 bersyon sa 25 Hunyo 1986. Austrian ay naka-sign ang orihinal na tala ng pag-unawa para sa A-310-200s bilang malayo likod bilang Apr 18, 1979, ang isang petsa na kung saan ay upang patunayan ang isang buong dekada bago ang serbisyo ay talagang bumaba sa lupa. Tatlong mga kadahilanan ay maaaring nabanggit bilang sa kung bakit ang oras ay maaaring hinog para sa isang muling ilunsad ng mga serbisyong ito:

1. Sa 15-taon na pagitan mula sa huling lupalop serbisyo ay tinapos, ang mga bahay sa merkado ay masyado malaki na, isang katunayan nagpakita ng pagtaas nananaig sa walang-hintong US-Vienna serbisyo, na ibinigay ng Pan Am, Royal Jordanian, at Tarom mula sa New York, at sa pamamagitan ng Amerikano mula sa Chicago.

2. Ang ruta sa istraktura ng pangkalahatang pantay inaalok mahusay na mga koneksyon sa West European, North African, at Middle Eastern destinasyon.

3. Ang A-310 ay naka-enable kaya mahaba, manipis ruta tulad ng Lyon-New York sa Air France, Frankfurt-Newark sa Lufthansa, Istanbul-New York sa iyong, at New York-Stockholm sa Pan Am sa may been served.

Ang desisyon upang ibalik sa dating kalagayan ng mga lupalop serbisyo, naka-schedule na para sa tagsibol ng 1989, ay opisyal na ginawa ng dalawang taon na mas maaga, sa Hunyo 25, 1987, at ay pinamamahalaan sa pamamagitan ng dalawang Pratt at Whitney ang lakas A-310-300s na kung saan ay maglingkod sa Vienna-New York at Vienna-Moscow-Tokyo mga ruta, ang huli sa kooperasyon sa Aeroflot at Ana Lahat-Nippon Airways. Ang mga serbisyong ito ay hinulaang upang magkaroon ng depended sa pagkonekta pasahero para sa kakayahang kumita. Sa ruta sa New York, halimbawa, ang isang 66-porsiyento, break-load kahit na kadahilanan ay kailangan sa loob ng unang taon ng operasyon, lalo na binubuo ng US-nangaling, Austria-nangaling, at sa pagkonekta pasahero. Ang parehong mga ruta ay relied sa mga kapaki-pakinabang, mataas na ani, madalas negosyo biyahero na ay hindi upang samantalahin ang mas mababang, restricted pamasahe. Austrian Airlines ay nag-aalok ng isang unang klase cabin sa kanyang A-310-300s sa unang pagkakataon sa kanyang kasaysayan.

Ang unang sasakyang panghimpapawid, nakarehistro Oe-kita.html "New York," ay inihatid sa Disyembre 22, 1988, at ang pangalawang, Oe-Lab "Tokyo," ay sinundan sa Enero. Ang mga sasakyang panghimpapawid batas ay unang widebody ang eroplano, ang dalawang uri ng pasilyo.

Austrian ay bumalik sa merkado transatlantiko sa amin sa Mahal na Araw Linggo, Marso 26, 1989, kapag ang dalawang usok puffs ay signaled ang touchdown ng red-white-red nakauniporme widebody jet dalawang, isinaayos para sa 12 unang klase, 37 business class, at 123 economy class pasahero, sa gitna ng jfk mainit tagsibol taya ng panahon. Pagkatapos ng isang maikling-turn sa paligid, ang mga sasakyang panghimpapawid, operating bilang Flight OS 502 at piloted sa pamamagitan ng Captain Braeuer at Unang Opisyal Kutzenberger, ay humatak-maneuvered ang layo mula sa gate sa 1900 na may 121 mga pasahero, na ay nagsilbi sa pamamagitan ng siyam na cabin attendants, at kinuha off sa malalim na lila-aagaw-dilim sa isang mag-alis timbang ng 153,603 kilos, 40,300 na kung saan ay gasolina na kinakailangan para sa ang Atlantic tawiran. Ang flight ay 18 taon sa paggawa.

Airport, reserbasyon, mga benta, sa marketing at kawani ay pagkatapos natitipon sa Icelandair Saga Lounge ginamit sa pamamagitan ng kanyang mga pasahero na business class para sa isang celebratory inumin at ng isang grupo litrato.

Ang Tokyo ruta ay mabubuksan sa tag-init at ang A-310, para maging Austrian's widebody lupalop, ay nagsilbi ito para sa higit sa isang dekada, operating sa maraming US, African, at Far Eastern destinasyon na may apat na sasakyang panghimpapawid sa isang huling dalawang klase upuan configuration nakarehistro tulad ng sumusunod:

1. Oe-kita.html

2. Oe-Lab

3. Oe-Lac

4. Oe-Lad

Sa pamamagitan ng tag-araw ng 1989, Austrian Airlines ay nagsilbi 54 lungsod sa 36 mga bansa sa Estados Unidos, Kanlurang Europa, Silangang Europa, Hilagang Aprika, sa Gitnang Silangan, at Japan na may isang kabuuang haba ng ruta ng 100,358 unduplicated kilometro. Ang mga serbisyong ito ay pinamamahalaan sa pamamagitan ng 26 sasakyang panghimpapawid binubuo ng Fokker F.50, ang McDonnell Douglas-MD-81/82/83/87, at ang Airbus A-310-300 na ang average na edad ay pagkatapos ay nai-apat na taon at naging describable bilang mga sumusunod:

1. Airbus A-310-300: Isang pang-saklaw, katamtaman kapasidad, malawak-katawan, kambal-pasilyo, twin-engine jet airliner – Austrian Airlines ' lupalop jet. Austrian Airlines ay dubbed ito ng isang "European lupalop."

2. McDonnell-Douglas MD-81: isang daluyan-saklaw, katamtaman kapasidad, makitid ang katawan, solong-pasilyo, twin-engine jet airliner – Austrian Airline's Europa, Hilagang Aprika, at Gitnang Silangan workhorse. Austrian Airlines ay inilarawan ito bilang isang "unibersal daluyan-bumatak airliner at ang tanging inaasahan ng kanyang mabilis. "

3. McDonnell-Douglas MD-82: Ang carrier ay iniutos ng iba "para sa mga espesyal na-duty at naka-iskedyul na paupahan mga serbisyo. "

4. McDonnell-Douglas MD-87: Ang maikling-fuselaged, mas mababang-kapasidad bersyon ay "payak na pangangailangan nito sa kapasidad at saklaw."

5. Fokker F.50: Ang isang maikling-at rehiyon-range, mababang-kapasidad, makitid ang body, solong-pasilyo, twin-engine turboprop airliner pinamamahalaan sa pamamagitan ng Austrian subsidiary Austrian Airline's Air Serbisyo sa domestic at piliin ang mahaba, manipis internasyonal na mga ruta. Austrian Airlines ay itinuturing na ito "isang propjet espesyalista sa city-hopping."

Bilang karagdagan sa Austrian Air Services, Austrian Airlines owned 80 porsiyento ng mga Austrian Air Transport (AAT), na pinamamahalaan sa buong mundo at pribilehiyo napapabilang tour (IT) flight sa parehong mga Austrian Airlines at Austrian Air Services sasakyang panghimpapawid, may dinala 506,000 pasahero noong 1988. Ito rin ay pinananatili ng isang malapit na kasunduan sa pagmemerkado sa Tiroleano Airways na pinamamahalaan mula sa serbisyo ng Innsbruck sa 37-pasahero de Havilland ng Canada DHC-8-100s at 50-pasahero DHC-7-100s.

5. Jfk Station Evolution

Initial pagsasanay, gaganapin sa Austrian North American Airlines punong-himpilan ng 'sa Whitestone, New York, at itinuro sa pamamagitan ng Peter "Luigi" Huebner, nagsimula sa Pebrero 6, 1989, o ang ilang mga anim na linggo bago ang flight sa pagtanggap, at ay kasama ang "pasahero paghawak ko" at "Adios Check-Sa" kurso.

Austrian Airlines 'jfk unang lokasyon, ang East Wing ng walang-na-umiiral na International Pagdating Building, ay ipinamahagi sa mga pasilidad Icelandair, kabilang ang limang Austrian-tiyak na check-in counter at ang sama-sama-gamitin Icelandair Saga Lounge, ang dating gamit sa mga computer, automated boarding pass printer, at Laser-scannable bagahe tag printer. Ang mga kawani lupa, lubos na trabaho at sanay na sa pamamagitan ng Austrian at outfitted sa pare-pareho nito, ay ginanap ang buong spectrum ng mga function: pasahero Serbisyo, Ticket Sales, Lost-and-Found, Load Control, Pangangasiwa, pangangasiwa, at Management.

Gayunman, ang tagumpay ng operasyon relied sa mga kagamitan na kung saan ay serbisiyo ito at ito ay ang desisyon ng Airbus Industrie sa scale-down ang kanyang full-laki A-300 na kung saan ay nagdulot sa A-310-300 at nagkaroon ginawa ang transatlantiko reinstated operasyon maaari. Ang pang-saklaw, dalawang-engine, malawak na katawan disenyo, kasabay ng teknolohiya, ay inalok ng parehong hanay at may dalawang pasilyo aliw sa pasahero bilang maihahambing ang patyo sa loob-motor 747 o ang tri-motor DC-10 o L-1011, pa sa parehong oras ay isang tahimik, fuel-mahusay na mga sasakyang panghimpapawid na may isang maliit na sapat na kapasidad na pinahihintulutan kapaki-pakinabang, taon-round operasyon. Ang mas malaki 747, DC-10, o L-1011 ay mayroon, dahil sa laki ng merkado, ay sapilitang upang patakbuhin sa isang pagkawala para sa karamihan ng taon maliban sa panahon ng tugatog tag-araw sa paglalakbay rikaduhan. Ang anumang ng iba pang mga pagkatapos ay mahaba-saklaw ng mga sasakyang panghimpapawid, kasama ng Boeing 707 at ang McDonnell-Douglas DC-8, ay na itinampok mas lumang-generation, gasolina-nauuhaw, ingay-naglalabas, apat na-motor teknolohiya ng maagang-1960s disenyo na kung saan, dahil sa bagong ipapatupad stage 2 ingay kinakailangan, Gusto ay pinagbawalan mula sa US operasyon maliban na lamang kung sila ay patahimikin-kitted o kabuuan engine-retrofitted. Ito ay dahil sa ang tunay A-310 na Austrian Airlines at iba pang mga mas maliit na European carrier tulad ng ito ay maka-pakinabang gumana ang mahaba, manipis Vienna-New York ruta sektor.

Ang unang 1989 timetable ay inaalok anim na lingguhang mga frequency sa panahon ng tag-init at limang sa taglamig, sa panahon na kung saan dalawang A-310-300s ay pinamamahalaan parehong transatlantically sa New York at sa Malayong Silangan, sa pamamagitan ng Moscow, sa Tokyo. Sila Bilang kahalili flew ang na-saklaw na sektor sa Tel Aviv, Istanbul, at Teheran. Sa panahon ng unang anim na buwan ng jfk operasyon, isang sasakyang panghimpapawid ay hindi kailanman nakaranas ng labis na pagkaantala dahil sa mga sasakyang panghimpapawid-iiskedyul at sa-oras ng pagganap ay kapuri-puri.

In-flight serbisyo ay kinakatawan ng isang malaking bahagi ng isang eroplano's paggasta. Bilang isang resulta, marami sa mga carrier ay sinimulan upang mabawasan ito upang bawasan ang mga gastos. Austrian Airlines, gayunpaman, na naiiwan ang mga natatanging sa isang mundo nasa kaitaasan mahulog sa meryenda at papel tasa sa pamamagitan ng pagbibigay ng nakalimbag na mga menu, amenity kits, china serbisyo, kaloob alkohol inumin, at libreng earphones sa coach cabin sa Vienna-New York at New York-Vienna ruta, isang konsepto na kung saan ay inilagay nito produkto sa pinakadulo itaas ng listahan ng kalidad.

Dahil sa laki ng A-310, gayunman, ang mas mababang-karga sa kubyerta space ay limitado, sa ang forward hold karaniwang matulungin ang bagahe na aparato yunit ng pagkarga (ULDs) at ang popa hold matulungin ang karga sa kanyang sarili, na kung saan ay madalas na restricted sa dalawang pallets at isang solong yunit AKE.

Doon ay palaging isang tiyak na "prestihiyo" sa paglipad sa New York. Kahit na ang bilang ng mga taunang mga pasahero ng pagpasok ng Estados Unidos sa pamamagitan ng jfk ay sinimulan upang tanggihan bilang isang pagtaas bilang ng mga alternatibong gateways sa amin ay naging available, ito pa rin ay ang pinakamalaking point entry. New York ay kaya naiiwan ang mga pinaka-lohikal na destinasyon para sa isang maliit na carrier ay nagsilbi lamang ng isang solong siyudad sa amin. Dahil jfk ay hawakan 1990 trapiko na may isang (pagkatapos) insufficiently sukat, lipas na 1950s International Pagdating Building pasilidad, ang operasyon madalas ay nagdusa deteriorations serbisyo, lalo na sa panahon ng rurok na dumating ulit kapag ito ay naging napaka-pilit, entailing pagkaantala sa panahon ng taxi at kasunod na imigrasyon, mga bagahe pagsasauli, at customs formalities. Ang lunod hangin trapiko kondisyon kahabaan mula sa Boston sa Washington sa pamamagitan ng sasakyang panghimpapawid na kung saan ang ay upang lumipad; sa dakong huli makakapal diskarte pattern nabuo sa pamamagitan ng jfk, La Guardia, at Newark International Paliparan; at ang pangwakas na nahihirapan sa pagkuha ng isang landing slot pantay epekto sa mga operasyon. Pasahero ay madalas underestimated sa oras na kailangan upang makumpleto ang pagdating sa pagpoproseso ng matapos talaga Aalis ang mga sasakyang panghimpapawid. Ito ay, gayunman, ay ito na kapaligiran na Austrian Airlines ay napili kapag ito ay pinili na sumalo ng mga "karanasan sa New York."

Bagaman mga negatibong facets ng operasyon ay paminsan-minsan ilagay ito sa isang mahirap na liwanag, ito ay, sa katunayan, ay jfk's operasyon, at hindi Austrian, na ay sundin, dahil ang lahat ng mga carrier ng operating sa jfk ay bumagsak biktima sa mga ills, at dahil sa kanila, ang isang malawak na pagbabago at muling pagtatayo ng proyekto, na hinirang "jfk 2000," ay sa oras na ito na-launch, na sa huli ay humantong sa ang konstruksiyon o pagkukumpuni ng halos bawat terminal, ang mga bagong parking garages, at isang maki-paliparan ilaw tren sistema.

Bagaman New York-Vienna load kadahilanan ay sa simula ay mababa, ang mga ito ay steadily nadagdagan hanggang sa ang karamihan ng flight ay ganap na. Malaking grupo ng tour ay batas ng isang pagtaas ng bahagi ng ang pasahero timpla, kasama ang anticipated pasahero sa pagkonekta, na na-able sa samantalahin ng ang pagpapalawak ng masa Vienna. Ito ay ang panghuli tipan sa isang carrier kapag isang pasahero ay pinili upang lumipad sa mga ito at gumawa ng isang koneksyon sa kanyang intermediate masa bilang laban sa walang-hintong paglipad sa isang pambansang carrier.

Bilang isang "ikalawang pagtatangka" sa kabila ng Atlantic, Austrian Airline's lupalop A-310 serbisyo sa New York ay ganap na napatunayan matagumpay.

Sa pamamagitan ng pagkuha ng kanyang ikatlong A-310-300, nakarehistro Oe-Lac, Austrian Airlines ay striven upang maglingkod ng pangalawang gateway sa amin sa ang tagsibol ng 1991 at ay nagnanais na magtatag ng presence sa West Coast, partikular na sa Los Angeles, ngunit ang A-310-300's 11-oras na flight duration ay precluded ito katotohanan. Chicago ay itinuturing Bilang kahalili, ngunit American sariling walang-hintong Boeing 767-200ER serbisyo sa Vienna mula sa Chicago-O'Hare, kung saan ito ay itinatag nito ikalawang pinakamalaking masa, ay napatunayan na masyadong competitive at Washington-Dulles ay gayon ay pinili sa halip.

Para sa European kontinental network, ang isang mas mataas na gross timbang McDonnell-Douglas MD-83 ay naka-schedule para sa paghahatid ng 1991 at ng ilang ng ang mga umiiral na MD-81s ay slated para sa conversion sa ang pamantayang ito, kaya na nagpapahintulot sa nadagdagan ang saklaw at / o kakayahan kargamento. Dalawang karagdagang Fokker F.50s nagkaroon din na-order sa o sa opsyon upang mapadali ang nadagdagan domestic at mahaba, manipis internasyonal na serbisyo.

Sa panahon ng ang limang-taong panahon, 1989-1994, Austrian Airlines ay pinamamahalaan nagsasarili sa jfk, nag-aalok ng ilang mga bilang na apat na lingguhang pag-alis sa panahon ng taglamig at bilang maraming bilang ng pitong panahon ng tag-init.

6. Delta Air linya Code Share

Ang pagpapalit ng merkado kondisyon ay necessitated modified estratehiya sa jfk. Paghahanap ng align sa kanyang sarili na may isang carrier US domestic upang makuha ang mahalaga "feed" sa kanyang transatlantiko flight ito ay hindi makamit sa kanyang sarili, Austrian Airlines ay concluded isang kasunduan sa pagmemerkado sa Delta Air linya sa 1994, kung saan ito ay ilagay ang kanyang dalawang-titik na "OS" code sa Delta-pinamamahalaan flight, habang Delta mismo ay katumbas lugar nito dalawang-titik na "DL" code sa Austrian's mga serbisyo. Dalawang Delta flight attendants, sa kanilang sariling uniporme, sa una ay nagsilbi din sa cabins ng Austrian's A-310s sa at mula sa Vienna.

Bagaman ang konsepto ay dahan-dahan reaped pananalapi benepisyo, ang mga sasakyang panghimpapawid ay huli nakakamit mataas na mga kadahilanan load, dala parehong Austrian at Delta pasahero mula sa ilang mga dalawang dosenang mga lungsod sa amin sa pamamagitan ng New York sa Vienna, madalas na may lampas-travel.

Upang mabawasan ang lupa paghawak ng-mga gastos at makamit ang synergistic, maki-carrier benepisyo, Austrian Airlines ay relocated operasyon nito Delta sa terminal 1A (mamaya redesignated terminal 2) sa Hulyo 1, 1994, retaining lamang siyam ng kanyang orihinal na 21 mga kasapi ng kawani. Delta Air linya, ang mga bagong-hinirang-lupa paghawak ng carrier, ay gumanap ang dating, nawala-and-found, pasahero check-in, alis gate, ramp, at bagahe silid-andar, habang ang Austrian kanyang sarili ay patuloy na kumikilos sa loob ng mga tiket, load control, pangangasiwa, pangangasiwa, at pamamahala capacities.

Din sa 1994, Austrian ay kinuha na paghahatid ng ang unang ng dalawang mahabang-saklaw, patyo sa loob-motor A-340-200s isinaayos para sa 36 business class at 227 economy class pasahero. Ang dalawang sasakyang panghimpapawid, na kung saan ay paulit-ulit na maglingkod sa New York sa buong susunod na dekada, lumitaw sa mga sumusunod na pagrerehistro:

1. Oe-pagkaatraso

2. Oe-LAH

Mula Pebrero 1997 hanggang Pebrero 1998, Austrian din relocated nito check-in counter at pagpapatakbo ng opisina sa Delta terminal 3, ngunit sa kabilang banda ay pinamamahalaan sa loob ng parehas na balangkas sa marketing.

1997 din minarkahan ang unang pagkakataon na ang transatlantiko ruta sa New York ay sapat na matured sa suporta ng pangalawang pag-alis sa mga napiling araw sa panahon ng tag-init talaorasan, sa pamamagitan ng sasakyang panghimpapawid pagdating sa 2045 at redeparting sa 2205. Karaniwan pinamamahalaan sa pamamagitan ng sasakyang panghimpapawid Oe-Lac, isang A-310 sa isang negosyo pinababang-kapasidad, ngunit mas mataas na-kapasidad economy class seksyon, ang huli na flight ay fostered mas mahusay na mga koneksyon sa tanghali bangko ng pag-alis mula sa Vienna.

7. Atlantic kahusayan

Minsan muli masunurin sa eroplano deregulation-necessitated muling pag-aayos at endeavoring sa karagdagang makuha ang cost-pagbabawas ng synergies, Austrian Airlines ay isinama nito jfk operasyon sa Sabena at Swissair sa Marso 1, 1998 sa ilalim ng Atlantic Alliance kahusayan, pagbabalangkas ang unang istasyon ng tri-carrier. Kahit na ang mga empleyado ng tatlong carrier ay patuloy na magsuot ng kani-kanilang mga uniporme, sila ay pinamamahalaan mula sa isang pasahero serbisyo at load control opisina, paggamit ng isang pinagsamang Austrian, Sabena, at Swissair check-in pasilidad, at pare-pareho hawakan sa bawat iba pang mga's flight. Sa panahon ng tugatog panahon ng tag-init, pitong araw-araw na pag-alis pinamamahalaan sa pamamagitan ng apat na Airlines ay inaalok.

Ang mga istasyon ng Atlantic kahusayan ay binubuo ng walong-andar, kabilang ang Control, Pagdating, Pag-alis, VIP / Espesyal na Serbisyo, tiket, Load Control, ramp pangangasiwa, at problema sa Shooting. Dahil Swissair ay na-kinontrata upang magbigay ng Malev-Hungarian load sheet Airlines 'mga serbisyo, ang load function Control mismo ay entailed paghawak ng ilang anim na uri ng sasakyang panghimpapawid, kasama ng 747, ang A-340, ang MD-11, ang A-330, ang 767, at ang A-310, at ang pagsasama-sama Atlantic kahusayan ay madalas hingin maki-carrier na kurso sa pagsasanay.

Bilang ay singularly naganap sa Austrian Airlines, Delta ay pare-pareho concluded kapalit ng dalawang-titik na code-share sa mga kasunduan at Sabena Swissair, pero ngayon kinuha ang dating arrangement pagmemerkado sa buong alyansa katayuan sa makabuluhang-pagkahinog flight Delta's New York-jfk ehe. Delta patuloy na magbigay sa ramp at bagahe function room para sa lahat ng tatlong Atlantic Airlines kahusayan.

Noong Agosto ng na taon, Austrian ay kinuha sa paghahatid sa mga unang ng apat na-range, mas mataas na-kapasidad A-330-200s, nakarehistro Oe-lam at isinaayos para sa 30 na negosyo at 235 economy class pasahero, at ang uri ay ganap na papalitan ang workhorse A-310-300 matulin. Ang apat na sasakyang panghimpapawid, mamaya operating sa isang pinababang kapasidad na business class ng 24 kapag ang konsepto Grand Class ay nagpasimula, ay kasama ang mga sumusunod na pagrerehistro:

1. Oe-Lam

2. Oe-lan

3. Oe-Lao

4. Oe-sanib

Sa panahon ng tag-init timetable ng 1998, jfk ay fielded nito unang dalawahan-sasakyang panghimpapawid uri operasyon, sa unang pag-alis standardly pinamamahalaan sa pamamagitan ng ang A-330 at ang pangalawang ng A-310.  

8. Star Alliance

Bagaman isang panghuli "Swissport solusyon," sa ilalim ng kung saan ang lahat ng Atlantic kahusayan jfk lupa kawani ay ilipat sa kumpanya-lupa paghawak, ay envisioned, ang paroroonan ay hindi kailanman nilalaro out. alingawngaw, rumbling sa pamamagitan ng mga istasyon na tulad ng magiliw forewarnings ng isang nakabinbin na bagyo, ay pervaded ang mga kapaligiran sa pamamagitan ng kalagitnaan ng 1999. Ang isang bagong diskarte tila lumitaw na unti-unti sa abot-tanaw at ang kanyang binhi, nakatanim katagal bago ito ay bloomed, ay multi-faceted at omni-encompassing.

1. Sa Hunyo ng 1999, Delta Air mga linya at Air France ay nabuo ang pangunahing batayan ng isang bagong pandaigdigang pagkakaisa, mamaya pinangalanan SkyTeam, kaya dissolving ang 25-buwan Austrian / Delta / Sabena / Swissair Atlantic Alliance kahusayan na ang kasunduan, walang renegotiation, Gusto may natapos na sa Agosto ng 2000.

2. Sa kabila ng limitasyon sumang-ayon sa pamumuhunan ng 10%, Swissair ay gayunpaman ay tinangka upang bumili ng karagdagang mga Austrian Airlines stock, precluding Austrian's layunin ng pagkakakilanlan nagsasarili at independiyenteng pagmamay-ari at pagpwersa ito upang bawiin mula sa Swissair-humantong Qualiflyer Alliance ng European carrier.

3. Swissair at Sabena ay binuo ng isang pinagsamang komersyal pamamahala istraktura, na muli ay napatunayan na labag sa Austrian Airlines 'malayang direksyon.

4. Sa unang bahagi ng 2000, ang parehong Sabena at Swissair had concluded ng isang code-share kasunduan sa pakikipagtulungan sa American Airlines, ang isang US-eroplano pagkakahanay counter sa Austrian Airlines 'diskarte sa amin feed.

Awstrya Airlines, isang maliit na, ngunit pinakinabangang internasyonal na carrier ng marami kalidad, ay gayunpaman ay kinakailangan ang maabot ng isang pandaigdigang alyansa manatiling pananalapi mabubuhay at kaya concluded ng isang pagiging kasapi kasunduan sa Lufthansa-at-Estados humantong Star Alliance, na kung saan ay naging epektibo sa Marso 26, 2000. Still ang pinakamalaking at pinakamahabang-alyansa tumatakbo, pagkatapos ito ay binubuo ng Air Canada, Air New Zealand, Lahat ng Nippon, Ansett Australya, Austrian Airlines, British Midland, Lauda Air, Lufthansa, Mexicana, SAS, Thai Airways International, Tiroleano, United, at Varig, at kolektibong ay dinala-23 porsiyento ng mga pasahero ng trapiko sa mundo. Sa parehong panahon, ang desisyon ay pinahihintulutan ang pagpapatuloy ng malayang identity at nagsasarili operasyon, pa expansion potensyal na para sa parehong mga eroplano at Vienna nito ehe. ipinahayag bilang isang kuru-kuro, ang desisyon ay maaaring nakasaad bilang, "Narito maging kami ulit!"

Ang paglipat mula sa Atlantic kahusayan sa Star Alliance, pagkakaroon ng nagsimula nang maaga bilang Enero 2000, ay entailed apat na mahalagang bahagi ng mga pagbabago:

1. Ang isang buong bagong IT (impormasyon teknolohiya) system at madalas manlilipad programa.

2. Ang pagpapatakbo relocation sa isang bagong terminal, pasahero serbisyo ng opisina, pasahero check-in counter, load-control sasakyang panghimpapawid pahatid sentro, at gate sa jfk.

3. Bagong alyansa eroplano code-share flight at trapiko feed ay nagdulot sa pagsasara ng mga istasyon ng Atlanta at ang kasunod na pagbubukas ng ang Chicago at reopening ng istasyon ng Washington sa Estados Unidos.

4. Ang kumpanya-malawak na pagsasanay sa migration Oberlaa, Austria.

Star Alliance sa pagiging kasapi, isang beses muli entailing isang relocation sa terminal Isa sa jfk, ay sinenyasan ng isa pang paghawak baguhin carrier, mula sa Delta sa Lufthansa, na ngayon ay gumanap ang bagahe Serbisyo at pasahero Check-In function, habang ang Austrian kanyang sarili ay patuloy na kumilos sa capacities ng Pagdating, tiket, Load Control, ramp pangangasiwa, at Management. Sa ilalim ng isang kapalit na kasunduan, ito ay din na ibinigay sa mga serbisyong ito pasahero sa Lufthansa para sa kanyang sariling pag-alis sa panahon ng Frankfurt di-oras ng pag-andar. sasakyang panghimpapawid loading at bagahe function room ay ibinigay sa pamamagitan ng Hudson General, na kung saan ay mamaya ay pinalitan ng pangalan GlobeGround North America.

Sa isang karagdagang diskarte na cost-pagbabawas, Austrian Airlines ay relocated sa isang mas maliit, mas mababa-upa ng opisina pasahero Serbisyo sa silong ng terminal One noong Setyembre 2002, sa oras na ang load Control / ramp pangangasiwa function ay iginawad sa Lufthansa. Hindi na serving ng Lufthansa flight, Austrian ang mga kawani ay karagdagang nabawasan sa anim na full-time at dalawang part-time na posisyon at ang araw-araw na shift oras ay nabawasan 9-8.

Austrian pinakamalaking-kapasidad sasakyang panghimpapawid, ang A-340-300 – matulungin 30 business class at 261 economy class pasahero – ay intermittently din na ibinigay ng serbisyo sa jfk, lalo na sa panahon ng tag-init 2002 talaorasan kapag ang isang huli Sabado alis ay naka-iskedyul na. Dalawang tulad sasakyang panghimpapawid ay pagkatapos ay sa mabilis:

1. Oe-LAK

2. Oe-Lal

9. Swissport USA

Ang pare-pareho malakas na tulak upang mabawasan ang mga gastos ay nagdulot ng isa pang paghawak-kompanyang baguhin sa jfk sa 1 Enero 2003, kapag ang karamihan ng mga lupa mga serbisyo ay ililipat mula sa Lufthansa sa Swissport USA.

Sa paghahanda para sa mga pagbabago, ang mga pasahero Swissport serbisyo ng mga kawani ay pumasok ang Patnubay Check-In kurso sa Vienna noong Disyembre 2002, habang ang isa Swissport agent, na nakabalangkas sa Serbisyo departamento bagahe, ay pumasok ang World bakas ng Basic kurso sa Oktubre sa mga sumusunod taon.

Outfitted sa Austrian Airlines uniporme, ang Swissport tauhan ay gumanap ang Pagdating, Lost-and-Found, pasahero Check-In, alis Gate, Load Control, at Ramp pangangasiwa function, habang ang Austrian kanyang sarili ay patuloy na magbigay ng Sales Ticket, Pangangasiwa, pangangasiwa, at Pamamahala ng mga serbisyo. Load kontrol, na kung saan ay sa simula pa ginanap sa terminal 4 gamit ang sistema Swissair DCS, ay ililipat sa terminal One at ang Lufthansa-WAB sistema matapos ang operasyon Swissport tauhan ay makumpleto ang isang nakakompyuter load control kurso sa Vienna na Marso.

10. North American Station Training Program

Dahil ang karamihan ng mga ahente Swissport had had kaunti nakaraang karanasan sa eroplano; ay hindi alam na may Austrian Airlines 'produkto at pamamaraan; at ay halos lahat ay nagkaroon lamang ng isang pangunahing, entry-level na pasahero Serbisyo Course, ako ay endeavored upang lumikha ng isang lokal na programa ng pagsasanay sa pamamagitan ng pagbalangkas ang paglalarawan kurso, pagsulat ng mga aklat, devising ang quizzes at pagsusulit, pagtuturo sa mga kurso sa kanilang sarili, at pagkatapos issuing ang mga sertipiko ng pagsasanay para sa mas maraming mga sapat na ihanda ang mga ito upang maisagawa ang kanilang tungkulin.

Ang programa, baybay nito sa mga ruta sa Austrian Airlines pasahero paghawak Course nilikha sa 1989 at ang pambungad Load Control materyal na nakasulat sa 1998, ay nagbago sa ganap North American Station Training Program, na ang nilalaman, na-update alinsunod sa mga sasakyang panghimpapawid, ang sistema, pamamaraan, at alyansa baguhin, ay entailed sa apat na bahagi curriculums ng "Paunang pasahero Service," "ramp pangangasiwa Certification," "Load Control licensing," at "Airline Management;" at sa huli ay encompassed 27 pasahero Serbisyo, ramp pangangasiwa, Load Control, Air karga, at Airline Station Management pamamaraan at training manual; dalawang istasyon histories; 28 curriculums; 63 at mga kurso tinuturuan sa Austrian Airlines at Austrian Airlines-paghawak ng carrier Delta, Lufthansa, pasahero paghawak ng Serbisyo / Maca, SAS, Servair, at Swissport sa walong North American istasyon ng Atlanta, Cancun, Chicago, Montreal, New York, Punta can't, Toronto, at Washington.

Ang programa, na kung saan ay mabilis maging ang katumbas ng isang "Airline University "at madalas ay nai-sited bilang ang dahilan kung bakit Swissport mga tauhan ay patuloy na striven upang ilipat sa account Austrian Airlines, ay madalas na napatunayan na may kinalaman sa kanilang mga karera landas advancements, facilitating ang kanilang mga promo o acceptances sa pamamagitan ng iba pang mga Airlines.

11. Boeing at Lauda sa jfk

Jfk, hanggang ngayon ng eksklusibo sa pamamagitan ng served Austrian Airlines at kanyang plota ng A-310, A-330, at A-340 Airbus widebody sasakyang panghimpapawid, ay nakatanggap ng kanyang unang regular na naka-iskedyul na Lauda Air 767 operasyon sa panahon ng tag-init ng 2004, habang ang dalas ay dumami apat na-tiklop sa pamamagitan ng mga sumusunod na taon. Noong 2007, kabuuan ito ay papalitan ng 17-taon ng serbisyo Airbus.

Itinatag arkilahin lisensiya sa Abril 1979 sa pamamagitan ng Niki Lauda, karera ng kotse katanyagan, Lauda Air ay nakuha Alpair Vienna para sa ATS 5 milyong at nagkaroon na sinimulan pribilehiyo at hangin taxi serbisyo sa kooperasyon sa Austrian Airlines na may dalawang Fokker F.27 turboprops Friendship, predecessors sa Fokker F.50s Austrian Air Services mamaya mismo ay pinamamahalaan. Niki Lauda, ipinanganak sa Vienna, Austria, sa 1949, ay amassed kanyang yaman bilang isang Formula ako driver ng karera, sa pagkakaroon ng napanalunan ng dalawang mundo pamagat at kampeon 25 grand pri karera. Ito ay mabilis na naging maliwanag, gayunman, na ang dalawang Austrian carrier hindi maaaring magkakasamang mabuhay ng dahil sa mabangis kompetisyon, pababa ani presyon, at ang isang hindi sapat na mga lokal na merkado base, at ang F.27s ay sa huli ay naupahan sa Egyptair.

Anim na taon mamaya, sa Enero ng 1985, dalawang BAC-111-500s, isang British kambal-jet hindi iba ang SE.210 Caravelle sa sukat, saklaw, at disenyo, ay naupahan mula sa Tarom Romanian Airlines, ang pagtaas nito armada kapasidad sa 208 puwesto, at ang mga ito ay mamaya ay deployed sa pribilehiyo at kasama-tour (IT) serbisyo, una sa Greece, ngunit mamaya sa iba pang mga European destinasyon. Demand kaya naging mataas na sa huli ito ay lumampas sa kapasidad na magagamit at isang mas malaki 737-200, naupahan mula sa Transavia Holland, ay papalitan ng isa sa mga BAC-111s, na may parehong uri mamaya itapon ng sa paghahatid ng dalawang pa-mas mataas na kapasidad, ang mga bagong teknolohiya 737-300s. Ang mga ito ay pinamamahalaan sa isang steadily lumalagong network ng pribilehiyo ruta.

Noong Mayo 1986, Lauda Air ay inilalapat sa mga Austrian Ministry of Transport para sa isang lisensya upang gumana naka-iskedyul na internasyonal na serbisyo. Ito ay na-aprubahan sa Nobyembre 1987, kaya nagtatapos ang pang-ika-monopolyo Austrian Airlines '. Ang dakong huli-nakuha, 235-pasahero, dalawahan klase Boeing 767-300ER ay pinahihintulutan malayuan, mga lupalop flight na inaugurated, ang unang ng kung saan, sa May 7, 1988, ay isang lingguhang naka-iskedyul na Vienna-Bangkok-Hong Kong serbisyo, maya-maya lamang ay sumali sa pamamagitan ng isang Vienna-Bangkok-Sydney sektor. pagpuno ng pangangailangan para sa mas mababang-pamasahe, mahaba-bumatak, oras na walang ginagawa-oriented travel, Lauda Air lumago mabilis. Sa 1985, halimbawa, ito ay dinala 95,768 mga pasahero at ay sobra 2,522 na oras ng flight na may 67 mga empleyado, habang sa unang sampung buwan ng 1987, ito ay dinala 236,730 pasahero at nagkaroon nagtangka 5364 oras flight na may 169 mga empleyado, ang isang 147-porsiyento dagdagan pasahero. Sa pamamagitan ng 1990, ang kanyang armada ay swelled sa limang mga sasakyang panghimpapawid, binubuo ng tatlong 146 pasahero-737-300s at dalawang 235 pasahero-767-300ERs, na kung saan ay deployed sa serbisyo ng pribilehiyo sa European destinasyon tulad ng Espanya at Greece, Middle Eastern destinasyon tulad ng Israel, at sa Africa at sa Malayong Silangan, at sa mga naka-iskedyul na serbisyo sa Vienna, Bangkok, Hong Kong, at Sydney.

Kumita na ang kanyang lisensiya para sa European naka-iskedyul na serbisyo sa Agosto 23, 1990 para sa unang panahon, may karapatan kaya lang malayo gaganapin sa pamamagitan ng kasalukuyang nanunungkulan Austrian Airlines, ito ay nagsimula ng serbisyo mula sa Vienna sa London Gatwick-sa limang lingguhang 737-300 flight.

Paghahanap ng entry sa Austrian merkado, Lufthansa-Aleman Airlines ay inihayag ng isang pakikipagtulungan sa pagmemerkado sa Lauda Air sa Hulyo 1992, tinatakan ito alyansa ang mga sumusunod na Enero na may 26.5 porsiyento-dagdagan ang kabisera, sa ilang sandali lamang matapos na ang dalawang carrier ay inaugurated ng isang patyo sa loob-lingguhang serbisyo sa 767-300ER sa Los Angeles.

Well alam ng kumpetisyon mula sa Austrian Airlines sa maki-European ruta mula sa kanyang limitadong Vienna pamilihan, Lauda ay hinahangad upang umpisahan ng kanyang sariling serbisyo sa maliit na-kapasidad, 50-pasahero, dalawang motor Canadair Regional Jets, pag-order ng anim na mga uri sa Oktubre 1993, kung saan ay deployed sa mga ruta sa Barcelona, Madrid, Brussels, Geneva, Manchester, at Stockholm sa simula ng tag-init timetable sa Marso 27, 1994. Singapore, na kung saan ay papalitan Bangkok noong Nobyembre ng na taon, ay maging ang bagong "tulay" sa pagitan ng Vienna at Sydney / Melbourne, at ang lingguhang serbisyo ng 767 ay lambal.

On Mar 26, 1995, Lauda Air ay itinatag ng isang ikalawang European ehe, Milan-Malpensa, sa kooperasyon sa Lufthansa, na ngayon gaganapin ang isang 39.7-porsyento taya sa baguhan Austrian carrier, basing tatlong ng anim na orihinal na-iniutos CRJ-100s doon. Ang mga ito ay deployed sa Vienna, Manchester, Brussels, Paris, Barcelona, at Dublin. Ang Candair Regional Jets, kasama ang isang pagtaas ng bilang ng mga 737s, ay ibinigay ang gulugod ng kanyang European mabilis.

Ito sa lalong madaling panahon ay naging maliwanag na pending European deregulation hindi malamang magparaya Airlines-dosenang mga sasakyang panghimpapawid maliban na lamang kung sila ay nagsilbi tunay maliit, tiyak na market niches. Lauda Air ay hindi matirang buhay sa harap ng kumpetisyon mula sa Austrian Airlines nang isang beses bago. Ang parehong ay pinamamahalaan daluyan-at pang-saklaw, dalawang-engine sasakyang panghimpapawid mula sa naka-base sa Vienna at ay inaalok marami pasahero kalidad ng serbisyo. Isang panghuli kooperasyon sa Austrian Airlines tila walang mintis. Ito ay bahagyang consummated sa Hunyo 1996, sa panahon na Austrian Airlines at Air Lauda ay pinamamahalaan solong-sasakyang panghimpapawid, dalawahan-code flight sa Nice, Milan, at Rome sa mga rehiyonal na jet para sa unang panahon. Sa Marso 12, 1997, ito ay pinalawak, na may mga patalastas ng isang strategic, tri-carrier Austrian / Lauda / Lufthansa kooperasyon, Austrian Airlines na ngayon ang pagkuha ng isang 36-porsiyento taya sa kanyang dating katunggali Lauda sa kanyang sarili retaining 30 porsiyento at Lufthansa 20 porsiyento.

Sa 24 Set na ng taon, Lauda Air kinuha sa paghahatid ng kanyang ikalawang malawak na uri ng katawan ng mga sasakyang panghimpapawid, ang 777-200, na kung saan ay inaugurated sa serbisyo sa Vienna-Singapore-Sydney-Melbourne ruta sa Oktubre 1, pagpapalit ng karapat-dapat sambahin 767.

Noong Setyembre 21, 1999, ngayon ay isa sa tatlong mahalaga "Austrian Airlines Group" miyembro kasama ang Austrian Airlines mismo at Tiroleano Airways, Lauda Air ay inihayag nito intensyon na sumali sa Star Alliance, na naging epektibo sa Marso 26, 2000.

Bilang mas mababa-gastos braso sa loob ng grupo tatlong-eroplano, Lauda Air ay ibinigay daluyan-at pang-hanay at naka-iskedyul na paupahan serbisyo sa oras na walang ginagawa-oriented mga ruta gamit ang isang apat na-uri, 22-sasakyang panghimpapawid armada, pagpapanatili ng kanyang sariling tatak identity. Sa 2004, gayunman, ang unang hakbang patungo sa integration sa mga Austrian Airlines tatak ay naganap sa ang pagpapatibay ng isang pinagsamang Austrian-Lauda Air kontrata sabungan kawan, at sa Enero ng 2005, sasakyang panghimpapawid Oe-LAE ay naging ang unang ng apat na 767-300s sa may been repainted sa kwadra ng Austrian Airlines, na nagtatampok sa mga bagong panloob na kulay at isang 24-business class at 230-economy class na pasahero pagsasaayos. Lauda Air mismo ay reverted lahat sa isang solong-class, high-densidad arkilahin carrier sa loob ng Austrian Airlines Group sa isang makipot na matulin katawan ng Boeing 737s at Airbus A-320s.

Ang tag-init 2004 Lauda 767 flight, na kung saan ay pinamamahalaan bilang isang karagdagan sa mga araw-araw na Austrian dalas sa panahon ng 11-linggo na panahon mula Hunyo 26 – Septiyembre 5, ay dumating sa 2055 sa Sabado gabi at nakaraan ang ilang mga 25 na oras mamaya sa Linggo sa 2200. Upang maghanda ang istasyon para sa mga karagdagang serbisyo, mga lokal na Boeing 767 pasahero Serbisyo at Boeing 767 Load Control kurso ay ginawa at itinuro sa mga kawani Swissport. Dahil Lufthansa ay hindi nai-lisensiyado sa 767 sasakyang panghimpapawid, maintenance ay kinontrata sa Delta Air linya, na kung saan ay pinamamahalaan ang lahat ng tatlong -200, -300, -400 at serye 767s, at isang malawak na gabi itigil at seguridad pamamaraan ay ginanap sa mga sasakyang panghimpapawid bago itulak-pabalik sa terminal One hardstand, sa oras na seguridad Selyo ay ginagamit sa lahat ng mga pintuan ng access. Ang dumarating bangkang de kusina kagamitan ay offloaded at hugasan at inihanda para sa mga sumusunod na gabi.

Ang huli-alis ay napatunayan na mahirap ang magbenta sa cabin na negosyo na walang malaki pagmemerkado sa pagsulong at pagbabawas ng pamasahe dahil sa mga sasakyang panghimpapawid ay ang pagkatapos ay 36-pasahero kapasidad Amadeus Class. Dahil sa laki ng kanyang popa, mas mababang kubyerta-pinto, karga-papag loading ay na-restricted sa apat na posisyon sa kompartimento pasulong. sasakyang panghimpapawid Ang kanilang sarili ay pinamamahalaan sa isang kumbinasyon ng Lauda Air at Star Alliance liveries.

Sa panahon ng tag-init 2005 talaorasan, ang 767-300 ay pinamamahalaan ng hanggang sa apat na karagdagang mga lingguhang frequency mula Hunyo 14 – Septiyembre 2, na nagreresulta sa 11 lingguhang pag-alis mula sa jfk, sa A-330 standardly operating ang maagang serbisyo at ang mga operating 767-300 ang huli na flight.

Sa 2007, uri ay ang kabuuan papalitan ang A-330 at isang 340-mabilis.  

12. Load sentralisadong Control

Sa huli na-2006, isang konsepto na kilala bilang ang "sentralisadong Load Control" (CLC) System ay ipinatupad sa jfk, at sa istasyon, tulad ng simula ng isang atom, ay maging ang pangunahing ng lahat ng mga ito.

Mapanlikhang isip ng Michael Steinbuegl, jfk Station Manager, ang proseso, mga sumusunod na mga uso set sa pamamagitan ng Swiss International sa New York, Lufthansa sa Cape Town, at SAS sa Bangkok, ay pinanggalingan nito sa isang mas maaga mausisa proyekto kung saan siya ay explored reductions gastos sa pamamagitan ng isang malaking, iisang sentralisadong Load Control departamento sa Vienna o ilang mga rehiyon, bagaman ang huli inherently dinala wika at time zone obstacles. Michael, dating sasakyang panghimpapawid paghawak ng Manager, ay amassed mumunti karanasan sa paglikha ng mga pamamaraan ng pag-andar at pamamaraan, central na kung saan ay timbang at balanse.

Paghahanap ng mag-aplay na ito kaalaman at sabay-sabay sinusubukan na ayusin ang sistema kalabanan at komunikasyon problema nakatagpo sa SAS-Bangkok-aayos sa Washington, siya ay tackled sa istasyong ito unang, na, tulad jfk, na ginagamit ang Lufthansa-WAB sistema. Sa proseso, siya ay i-set ang kurso para sa maraming mga transitions na dumating sa pamamagitan ng paggawa ng ilang mga paglalakbay sa tungkulin magtatag ng mga lokal na istasyon ng-compatible pamamaraan at pagkatapos ay pagbalangkas ang isang detalyadong buklet tungkol sa mga ito. Ang unang sentralisadong load sheet para sa Washington flight, OS 094, ang naganap sa Nobyembre 1, 2006.

Charlie Schreiner, ang ulo ng Austrian Airlines Load Control, pagkaraan minarkahan ang okasyon na may mga sumusunod na salita: "Sa pamamagitan ng Austrian Airlines Flight OS 094 noong Nobyembre 1, ang aming mga unang linya ng istasyon ay konektado sa isang regular na paraan ng sentralisadong Load Control ULD sa sasakyang panghimpapawid. Ang lahat ng mga gawain sa mga pagpapatakbo paghahanda flight, load pagpaplano, ULD koordinasyon, at WAB System babasahin, kasama ng mga sheet load nakukuha sa pamamagitan ng sabungan ACARs, ay matagumpay na kinokontrol na sa pamamagitan ng aming jfk istasyon kahapon. Gusto kong pasalamatan ang aming mga kasamahan Mike Steinbuegl at Robert Waldvogel para sa mga propesyonal at excellently organisado paghahanda ng mga pamamaraan CLC, pati na rin ang Austrian ladies, Regula Munz at Eva Lingeman sa Washington at ang paghawak ng mga ahente sa jfk at Washington (Swissport at SAS Scandinavian Airlines System) sa kanilang trabaho makatawag pansin sa panahon na ito paglipat. Ang mabuting gawa ay din ang humantong sa unang flight paalis ng tatlong minuto nga ng kanyang naka-schedule na oras ng pag-alis. gusto ko ang lahat ng kalahok patuloy na tagumpay sa proseso ng CLC. "

Ang mga naiwan ng mga programa CLC, gayunpaman, na kasangkot phased pagpapatupad. Noong Mayo ng susunod na taon, serbisyo ay reinaugurated mula sa Chicago. Dahil ito ay maaaring ngayon ay itinuturing na isang "bagong" istasyon, ito logically sinundan nito na load sheet ay isinama sa CLC sistema mula sa simula at, sa kabila ng differentiations computer system, ay matagumpay na nilikha sa ang unang paglipad sa Mayo 29 pagkatapos pamamaraan pagbabago.

Sa mga lungsod na hawakan sa pamamagitan ng jfk, ito ay nagpasya na pagsamahin ang huling North American istasyon, Toronto, na ang unang sentralisadong load sheet ay inisyu sa Hulyo 1.

Tatlong Austrian Airlines-dedikado Swissport Load Controllers, dalawang ng kanino ay nagtrabaho sa isang araw sa panahon ng tugatog panahon ng tag-init, ay nabuo ang sentralisadong Load Control System koponan.

Dahil ang ika-apat na istasyon ay pinagsama-samang, jfk ay ginawa ng ilang mga sheet 120 load sa bawat buwan, at ang mataas na matagumpay na sistema ay yielded iba't-ibang mga benepisyo.

1. Ito ay, una at nangunguna sa lahat, ginawa mumunti savings.

2. Lahat ng flight ay nakaraan sa panahon kamag-anak upang maikarga ang plano at load sheet na paghahanda.

3. Lahat ng apat na North American flight ay operationally hawakan sa pamamagitan lamang ng isang mas pang-araw araw Load Controller kaysa jfk ay nagkaroon para sa isang solong pag-alis.

4. Lahat ng loading pagtuturo at mga ulat ng load sheet ay binuo sa sistema ng Lufthansa-WAB.

5. At Vienna ay nagkaroon agarang access sa lahat ng load control-kaugnay na data at mga babasahin.

13. Boeing 777

Kapag Austrian Airlines ay nakabukas sa pahina ng kanyang taglamig 2008-2009 timetable sa March 29, jfk ay fielded nito unang Boeing 777-200ER operasyon, ang pinakamalaking carrier kapasidad kagamitan at ang 5 pangunahing uri upang magkaroon ng served New York matapos ang A-310, ang A-330, ang A-340, at ang 767.

Ang mga sasakyang panghimpapawid, pagkakaroon ng orihinal na nabili ng Air Lauda, ay isinaayos para sa 49 na negosyo at 258 economy class na pasahero, bagaman mamaya dalawang mga halimbawa, kung saan ay itinampok na mas mataas na gross talaro at binago pasahero kaayusan, nagkaroon ng kaluwagan 260 ekonomiya pasahero klase sa sampung-magkatabi, 3-4-tatlo, configurations.

Sa panahon ng anim na-buwan na panahon sa pagitan ng Abril at Septiyembre ng 2009, ang nag-iisang flight ay dinala 34 porsiyento ang nalalaman pagdating at paalis pasahero, kasama ang mga makabuluhang mas mataas na complements ng karga at mail, kaysa sa maihahambing na taon mas maaga na panahon, kapag ang 767 ay deployed.

Ang apat na 777 pagrerehistro ay kasama ang mga sumusunod:

1. Oe-LPA

2. Oe-LPB

3. Oe-LPC

4. Oe-LPD

14. Lufthansa acquisition

2009 ay isang pibotal taon para sa mga Austrian Airlines. Dahil sa pandaigdigang pang-ekonomiyang downturn, dumadami presyo ng gasolina, eroding ay magbubunga, at malakas na kumpetisyon sa loob ng Kanlurang Europa mula sa mababang gastos sa carrier, ang pinansiyal na posibilidad na mabuhay at sa gayon ay patuloy na pag-iral bilang isang kompanya ay threatened, sa kabila noon hindi matagumpay na mga pagtatangka upang sumalunga nito pagkalugi sa pamamagitan ng pagbebenta nito A-330 at isang 340-mabilis, pagbabawas ng kanyang pang-hanay ruta sistema, at pagpapatupad ng ilang mga plano restructuring. tagapagligtas nito, sa anyo ng isang kasunduan sa Lufthansa-Aleman Airlines upang ipalagay nito ang utang at makakuha ng karamihan ng gumagamit nito, ay pinaandar ito upang magpatuloy operating.

Sa Agosto 28, ang European Commission ay opisyal na inaprobahan ang mga iminungkahing pagbili ng Austrian Airlines Group sa pamamagitan ng Lufthansa-Aleman Airlines, binubuo ng 500 milyong euro tulong restructuring mula sa mga kompanya ng estado na may hawak at ang pagsama-sama sa pagitan ng dalawang carrier, kaya kalye ang paraan papunta sa Austrian Airlines 'integration sa Lufthansa Group sa pamamagitan ng Septiyembre. Upang makamit ang mga kinakailangang mga antitrust kaligtasan sa sakit, Lufthansa ay sumang-ayon sa talikuran key slot ng flight at bawasan ang bilang ng mga serbisyo sa pagitan ng Vienna at Brussels, Cologne, Frankfurt, Munich, at Stuttgart. Para sa mga Austrian Airlines, na kung saan ay naging isa sa Lufthansa ng maraming independiyenteng, European sentro carrier, ito ay signaled pinansiyal na kaligtasan ng buhay; isang pinabuting pang-ekonomiyang pundasyon; gastos synergies, tulad ng pinagsamang gasolina at mga sasakyang panghimpapawid pagbili; at access sa Lufthansa's malawak na internasyunal na mga benta at ruta ng network. Austrian Airlines 'sariling mga angkop na lugar sa loob ng sistemang ito ay entailed ang pagtatatag ng Vienna bilang isang mataas na pagganap ng sentro para sa mga feed ng trapiko sa kanyang makakapal Gitna at Silangang Europa ruta sistema.

Bilang resulta ng pagbabagong ito ang pagmamay-ari, marami, pangunahing mga North American mga pagbabago ay nangyari.

Sa Toronto at Washington, halimbawa, kasunduan ay naabot na kung saan Lufthansa ay tunay ang operasyon ng lupa paghawak sa mga istasyon.

Sa New York, higit sa kalahati ng kanyang Whitestone, North American punong-himpilan, mga empleyado ay inilatag off at ang lokasyon ng, para sa halos 1 / 4 ng isang daang taon na ang kanyang "muog" na matatagpuan sa ikalimang palapag ng may walong sulok Plaza, ay sarado, ang mga natitirang mga kawani relocating sa Lufthansa's East Meadow, Long Island, pasilidad, at sa pagsasanib ng mga kawani nito.

Sa jfk, Austrian Airlines karga ay relocated sa pasilidad ng Lufthansa noong Nobyembre 1, at 16 araw mamaya Swissport ay nakapasa sa lupa-paghawak ng sulo sa Lufthansa-Aleman Airlines.

Michael Steinbuegl, Manager ng na istasyon para sa apat na taon, ay maipapataas sa Key Account Manager, North America, pero apat na Ticket Sales-reserbasyon posisyon ay nai-render kalabisan kapag Lufthansa ay tunay ang mga function, ang pagbabawas ng Austrian Airlines 'mga kawani sa makatarungan tatlong miyembro, lahat ng kanino ay natanggap na limitado, anim na buwan-kontrata na kung saan ay natapos na sa May 15, 2010. pagkaraan nila ay isinama sa Lufthansa operasyon at iskedyul.

Ang huling Austrian Airlines "red presence," kung may nagawa sa pamamagitan ng pulos Austrian Airlines o Swissport kawani, ay naganap noong Nobyembre 15, at ang unang palapag ng opisina sa terminal Ang isa, hanggang ngayon "bahay" para sa parehong mga Austrian Airlines at Swissport Management, pasahero Serbisyo, sentralisadong Load Control, Ticket Sales-Reservations, at bagahe Serbisyo / Lost at Found departamento, ay relinquished para sa tatlong mga mesa sa mga pasilidad ng Lufthansa, dalawang ng kung saan ay tungkulin istasyon ng Manager na matatagpuan sa pangunahing antas at isa na kung saan ay ang Key Account Manager posisyon na matatagpuan sa mas mababang antas sa opisina Station Operations.

Lahat ng mga bagay-bagay tila sa lumapit ganap na cycle. Ang kaganapan, na epektibong pagtatapos ng 21 taon ng nagsasarili Austrian Airlines presence, ay minarkahan bumalik ang carrier nito sa 1938 integration sa Lufthansa at ang kanyang 2000-lupa paghawak ng kaayusan sa jfk.  

15. Jfk Station lakas

Sa buong kanyang 21-taon sa presensiya jfk International Airport, Austrian Airlines ay hawakan limang uri ng mga sasakyang panghimpapawid – ang Airbus A-310, ang Airbus A-330, ang Airbus A-340, ang Boeing 767, at ang Boeing 777; ay tunay na apat na mga estratehiya – ang kanyang unang, malayang operasyon; ang Delta Air mga linya sa code ibahagi kasunduan; ang tri-carrier Atlantic kahusayan ng istasyon, at ang pagsasama-sama Star Alliance; ay pinamamahalaan mula sa apat na mga terminal jfk – Isa sa terminal, terminal Dalawa, Tatlong terminal, at ang International Pagdating Building; ay ay hawakan sa pamamagitan ng tatlong mga kumpanya – Delta Air linya, Lufthansa-Aleman Airlines, at Swissport USA; at ay ginagamit ng dalawang mga sistema ng computer.

Dahil ang mga talento at mga kakayahan ng marami ng mga kawani ay channeled upang makabuo ng malikhain at makabagong mga kabutihan sa panahon ng huling kabanata ng kanyang buhay, jfk ay bingot up ng ilang mga lakas at tagumpay, ang ilang na kung saan ay naka-enable ito sa paglalaro ng isang unting nucleic papel sa loob ng Hilagang Amerika. Ang mga nagawa ay maaaring subdivided bilang mga sumusunod:

1. Ang mga aralin at mga kurso ay pagkatapos ay ginagamit sa dobleng tagumpay na ito sa Austrian Airlines 'iba pang mga North American mga istasyon.

2. Ang sentralisadong Load Control (CLC) Department, entailing ang paghahanda ng loading pagtuturo / ulat at load ang mga sheet para sa apat na North American mga istasyon ng Chicago, New York, Toronto, at Washington, ay lubhang matagumpay at minsan ay kasangkot apat na mga uri ng mga sasakyang panghimpapawid: ang Boeing 767, ang Airbus A-330, ang Airbus A-340, at ang Boeing 777.

3. Omar kanyang sarili ay madalas na manlalakbay sa iba pang mga istasyon upang restructure ng kanilang mga bagahe Serbisyo Departamento.

4. Ang Ticket Sales-Reservations counter, sa ilalim ng direksyon ng Sidonie Shields, ay patuloy na tinipon ng makabuluhang halaga ng taunang kita sa benta ng tiket, labis na bagahe, at iba pang mga kabayaran.

5. Ang nakikita presensiya ng Austrian Airlines, sa pulang uniporme, sa mga pasahero, kung pagod sa pamamagitan ng Austrian Airlines o Swissport kawani.

6. Ang espesyal na flight, tulad ng mga nagdadala sa grupo rabi Twersky, sa American Music grupo sa ibang bansa, ang IMTX grupo, ang Vienna Boys 'kantores, ang Vienna pilharmonya orkesta, at Life Ball, sa huli na may mataas na-profile celebrities, buhay na buhay na karakter, at predeparture partido.

7. Ang mga espesyal na kaganapan, kabilang ang "Ang Taon sa Review," ang Pennsylvania mag-iski biyahe, ang tag-init pool partido, ang mga kaarawan, ang Thanksgiving dinners, at ang Lihim Santas sa Pasko.

8. At, sa wakas, ang pang araw-araw briefings, ang pamilya kapaligiran, ang mga jokes, sa laughs, ang raps, at ang mga tao na koneksyon na kung saan ay patuloy na emphasized ang mga pwersang buhay sa likod ng lahat ng mga ito.

Michael Steinbuegl, na tunay utos bilang jfk Station Manager noong Setyembre ng 2005, ay nilinang ang kapaligiran at orchestrated ang mga hakbang na kung saan ay pinahihintulutan sa bawat isa sa mga lakas at kabutihan sa ay ginawa.

16. Dalawang dekada ng pagkalastiko

Austrian Airlines, hanggang ngayon sa pagitan ng mga pinakamaliit na European Airlines, ay sa ipalagay ang isang malaki antas ng kinakailangan "pagkalastiko" sa panahon ng kanyang 21 taon sa jfk, ebbing umaagos at sa pabago-bagong gulo ng mga kondisyon nananaig sa merkado, na naghahanap ng pinansiyal na benepisyo, synergistic lakas, nitso merkado, alyansa muling pag-aayos, at panghuli ang pagbabago ng pagmamay-ari. Defying maka-Darwin pilosopiya, na ang "kaligtasan ng buhay ng fittest" hula ay madalas na isinalin bilang "kaligtasan ng buhay ng pinakamalaking," Austrian Airlines ay, sa kabila ng marami, kailangan redirections, napatunayan na ang laban, marahil pagdikta ng isang rewording ng pilosopiya na basahin, "kaligtasan ng buhay ng pinakamaliit na" – na kung saan ay dapat na idinagdag, "bilang isang global player."

Papunta sa dulo na ito, ang mga pinakabagong diskarte ay naka-enable ang carrier sa matirang buhay. Para sa istasyon jfk at ang kanyang mga kawani, gayunman, ito ay hindi.

Epilogo

Dahil sa Ako ay tinanggap sa pamamagitan ng Austrian Airlines dalawang buwan bago nito sa pagtanggap transatlantiko flight mula sa jfk sa Marso 26, 1989 at ay gaganapin ng ilang mga posisyon doon sa buong kanyang 21-taon na kasaysayan, ako ay nadama singularly kwalipikadong sumulat nito kuwento. Ito ay, sa kakanyahan, ang aking mga kuwento. Ito ay kung ano ako nakatira. At kung ano ang iiwan ko …

About the Author

A graduate of Long Island University-C.W. Post Campus with a summa-cum-laude BA Degree in Comparative Languages and Journalism, I have subsequently earned the Continuing Community Education Teaching Certificate from the Nassau Association for Continuing Community Education (NACCE) at Molloy College, the Travel Career Development Certificate from the Institute of Certified Travel Agents (ICTA) at LIU, and the AAS Degree in Aerospace Technology at the State University of New York – College of Technology at Farmingdale. Having amassed almost three decades in the airline industry, I managed the New York-JFK and Washington-Dulles stations at Austrian Airlines, created the North American Station Training Program, served as an Aviation Advisor to Farmingdale State University of New York, and devised and taught the Airline Management Certificate Program at the Long Island Educational Opportunity Center.

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The saga continues. A reader forwarded us this note he got from AT&T, simply stating that his iPhone 4 preorder had been cancelled, for no apparent reason. And he's not the only one. Updated: More cancellations, including some from Apple. More »

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Know More About Royal Air Force

The RAF’s mission is to support the objectives of the British Ministry of Defence (MoD), which are to “provide the capabilities needed: to ensure the security and defence of the United Kingdom and overseas territories, including against terrorism; to support the Government’s foreign policy objectives particularly in promoting international peace and security.”

Royal has its own mission statement reads as thus, to provide (paraphrase) “An agile, adaptable and capable Air Force that, person for person, is second to none, and that makes a decisive air power contribution in support of the UK Defence Mission.”

As said above the given statement goes hand in hand with the RAF’s definition of air power, the concept that guides the RAF strategy. Air Power is defined as thus “The ability to project military force in air or space by or from a platform or missile operating above the surface of the earth. Air platforms are defined as any aircraft, helicopter or unmanned air vehicle.” Although the RAF is the principal British air power arm, the Royal Navy’s Fleet Air Arm and the British Army’s Army Air Corps also deliver air power which is integrated into the maritime and land environments respectively.

The professional head of the RAF is the Chief of the Air Staff (CAS), Air Chief Marshal Sir Glenn Torpy. The CAS heads the Air Force Board, which is a committee of the Defence Council. The Air Force Board is the management board of the RAF and consists of the Commander-in-Chief of Air Command, together with several other high ranking officers. The CAS also has a deputy known as the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff (ACAS); this post is held by Air Vice-Marshal T M Anderson

A estimated population of 3,000 RAF Servicemen and women are currently deployed on operations around the world, from those involved in peacekeeping and humanitarian efforts to those stationed on the front line in theatres of combat.

The recent wars against Iraq and Afghanistan, Tornado and Harrier forces are providing vital offensive support to troops on the ground, and Nimrods are engaged in intelligence gathering and reconnaissance. Hercules aircraft are conducting airdrops of supplies under demanding environmental conditions, while the Air Transport Force is involved in strategic airlifts and air-to-air refueling.

Over the last few years, the RAF has also played a crucial role in underpinning security in the Falkland Islands, protecting the airspace over the UK, providing a Search and Rescue service, delivering vital relief aid after the earthquake in Pakistan and, most recently, contributing to the flood relief efforts in Yorkshire, Gloucestershire and Warwickshire.

RAF has challenging things to over come. Some of them are:

With the Cold War over and the emerging threat of global terror, we’re ready to meet new challenges.

The RAF is becoming a smaller, more dynamic and more flexible force. There will be fewer bases, but they will be larger and better equipped.

To meet the changing times and because of the greater capability of technology, personnel levels will fall over the next few years – from about 48,500 to 41,000.

It means we can focus on the staff we have and ensure that they get the very best equipment and training.

It doesn’t mean we’ll stop recruiting – far from it. We’re continuing to take on new staff right across the RAF. In fact, they’re a key part of our vision for the future.

About the Author

Richard Mcmunn, the owner of the website How2Become.co.uk gives you all the tips on how to become a police officer, how to become a train driver, how to become a fire fighter and much more. Log on to the website How2Become.co.uk and know more.

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Thanks

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Bugs Bunny

History

The unnamed, prototype Warner Bros. rabbit

Main article: Evolution of Bugs Bunny

An unnamed rabbit bearing some of the personality, if not physical characteristics of Bugs, first appeared in the cartoon short Porky’s Hare Hunt, released on April 30, 1938. Co-directed by Ben Hardaway and an uncredited Cal Dalton (who was responsible for the initial design of the rabbit), this short had a theme almost identical to that of the 1937 cartoon, Porky’s Duck Hunt (directed by Tex Avery), which had introduced Daffy Duck. Porky Pig was again cast as a hunter tracking another silly prey who seemed less interested in escape than in driving his pursuer insane; this short replaced the black duck with a small white rabbit. The rabbit introduces himself with the odd expression “Jiggers, fellers”, and Mel Blanc gave the rabbit nearly the voice and laugh that he would later use for Woody Woodpecker. This cartoon also features the famous Groucho Marx line that Bugs would use many times: “Of course you know, this means war!” The rabbit developed a following from the audience viewing this cartoon which inspired the Schlesinger staff to further develop the character.

First incarnation of the rabbit debuts in Porky’s Hare Hunt (1938)

The rabbit’s second appearance came in 1939’s Prest-O Change-O, directed by Chuck Jones, where he is the pet rabbit of unseen character Sham-Fu the Magician. Two dogs, fleeing the local dogcatcher, enter his absent master’s house. The rabbit harasses them, but is ultimately bested by the bigger of the two dogs.

His third appearance was in another 1939 cartoon, Hare-um Scare-um, directed by Dalton and Hardaway. This short, the first where he was depicted as a gray bunny instead of a white one, is also notable both for the rabbit’s first singing role. Charlie Thorson, lead animator on the short, was the first to give the character a name. He had written “Bugs’ Bunny” on the model sheet that he drew for Hardaway, implying that he considered the rabbit model sheet to be Hardaway’s property. In promotional material for the short (such as a surviving 1939 presskit), the name on the model sheet was altered to become the rabbit’s own name: “Bugs” Bunny (quotation marks only used at the very beginning), evidently named in honor of “Bugs” Hardaway.

In Chuck Jones’ Elmer’s Candid Camera the rabbit first encounters Elmer Fudd. This rabbit has more of a physical resemblance to the present-day Bugs, being taller and having a more similar face. The voice for this rabbit, however, was not similar to the well-known Brooklyn-Bronx accent, but spoke in a rural drawl. In Robert Clampett’s 1940 Patient Porky, a similar rabbit appears to trick the audience into thinking that 750 rabbits have been born (however the design is of the earlier white rabbit).

In his later years, Mel Blanc stated that a proposed name was “Happy Rabbit”. Ironically, the only time the name “Happy” was used was in reference to Bugs Hardaway. In the cartoon Hare-um Scare-um, the newspaper headline reads, “Happy Hardaway”.

Bugs Bunny emerges

The official debut of Bugs Bunny in A Wild Hare (1940)

Bugs’ appearance in A Wild Hare, directed by Tex Avery and released on July 27, 1940, is considered the first appearance of both Elmer and Bugs in their fully developed forms. It was in this cartoon that he first emerged from his rabbit hole to ask Elmer Fudd, now a hunter rather than a photographer, “What’s up, Doc?” Animation historian Joe Adamson counts A Wild Hare as the first “official” Bugs Bunny short. It is also the first cartoon where Mel Blanc uses a recognizable version of the voice of Bugs that would eventually become the standard.

Bugs’ second appearance in Jones’ Elmer’s Pet Rabbit finally introduced the audience to the name Bugs Bunny, which up until then had only been used among the Termite Terrace employees. However, the rabbit here is absolutely identical to the one in Jones’ earlier Elmer’s Candid Camera, both visually and vocally. It was also the first short where he received billing under his now-famous name, but the card, “featuring Bugs Bunny”, was just slapped on the end of the completed short’s opening titles when A Wild Hare proved an unexpected success. He would soon become the most prominent of the Looney Tunes characters as his calm, flippant insouciance endeared him to American audiences during and after World War II.

Bugs would appear in five more shorts during 1941: Tortoise Beats Hare, directed by Tex Avery and featuring the first appearance of Cecil Turtle; Hiawatha’s Rabbit Hunt, the first Bugs Bunny short to be directed by Friz Freleng; All This and Rabbit Stew, directed by Avery and featuring a young African-American hunter (based heavily on racial stereotypes) as Bugs’ antagonist; The Heckling Hare, the final Bugs short Avery worked on before being fired and leaving for MGM; and Wabbit Twouble, the first Bugs short directed by Robert Clampett. Wabbit Twouble was also the first of five Bugs shorts to feature a chubbier remodel of Elmer Fudd, a short-lived attempt to have Fudd more closely resemble his voice actor, comedian Arthur Q. Bryan.

World War II

By 1942, Bugs had become the number one star of the Merrie Melodies series, which had originally been intended only for one-shot characters in shorts after several early attempts to introduce characters failed under Harman-Ising, but had started introducing newer characters in 1937 under Schlesinger. Bugs’ 1942 shorts included Friz Freleng’s The Wabbit Who Came to Supper, and the Robert Clampett shorts The Wacky Wabbit and Bugs Bunny Gets the Boid (which introduced Beaky Buzzard). Bugs Bunny Gets the Boid also marks a slight redesign of Bugs, making his front teeth less prominent and his head rounder. The man responsible for this redesign was Robert McKimson, at the time working as an animator under Robert Clampett. The redesign at first was only used in the shorts created by Clampett’s production team but in time, it would be adopted by the other directors, with Freleng and Frank Tashlin the first to adopt this design. Upon his own promotion to director, McKimson created yet another version with more slanted eyes, longer teeth and a much larger mouth, which he (and, for the one Bugs Bunny cartoon he directed, Art Davis) used until 1949, when he started using the version he had designed for Clampett. Jones would come up with his own slight modification, and the voice as well would vary mildly between the units.

An alternate version of Bugs used by Robert McKimson and Art Davis between 1946 and 1949.

Other 1942 Bugs shorts included Chuck Jones’ Hold the Lion, Please, Freleng’s Fresh Hare and The Hare-Brained Hypnotist (which restored Elmer Fudd to his previous size), and Jones’ Case of the Missing Hare. He also made cameo appearances in Tex Avery’s final Warner Bros. short, Crazy Cruise, and starred in the two-minute United States war bonds commercial film Any Bonds Today.

Bugs was popular during World War II because of his free and easy attitude, and began receiving special star billing in his cartoons by 1943. By that time, Warner Bros. was the most profitable cartoon studio in the United States. Like other cartoon studios, such as Disney and Famous Studios had been doing, Warners put Bugs in opposition to the period’s biggest enemies: Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, and the Japanese. The 1944 short Bugs Bunny Nips the Nips features Bugs at odds with a group of Japanese soldiers. This cartoon has since been pulled from distribution due to its racial stereotypes.

Since Bugs’ debut in A Wild Hare, he had appeared only in color Merrie Melodie cartoons (making him one of the few recurring characters created for that series in the Leon Schlesinger era prior to the full conversion to color, alongside Elmer’s prototype Egghead, Inki, Sniffles, and Elmer himself – who was heard but not seen in the 1942 Looney Tunes cartoon Nutty News, and made his first formal appearance in that series in 1943’s To Duck or Not To Duck). While he did make a cameo appearance in the 1943 Porky and Daffy cartoon Porky Pig’s Feat marking his only appearance in a black-and-white Looney Tune cartoon, he did not star in a cartoon in the Looney Tunes series until that series made its complete conversion to only color cartoons beginning with 1944 releases. Buckaroo Bugs was Bugs’ first cartoon in the Looney Tunes series, and was also the last WB cartoon to credit Leon Schlesinger.

Among his most notable civilian shorts during this period are Bob Clampett’s Tortoise Wins by a Hare (the sequel to Tortoise Beats Hare from 1941), A Corny Concerto (a spoof of Disney’s Fantasia), Falling Hare, and What’s Cookin’ Doc?; and Chuck Jones’ Superman parody Super-Rabbit, and Freleng’s Little Red Riding Rabbit. The 1944 short Bugs Bunny and the Three Bears introduced Jones’ The Three Bears characters.

In the cartoon Super-Rabbit, Bugs was seen in the end wearing a USMC dress uniform. As a result, the United States Marine Corps made Bugs an honorary Marine Master Sergeant.

A scene from George Pal’s Jasper Goes Hunting (1944).

From 1943-1946, Bugs was the official “mascot” of Kingman Army Air Field, Kingman, Arizona, where thousands of aerial gunners were trained during World War II. Some notable trainees included Clark Gable and Charles Bronson. Bugs also served as the mascot for 530 Squadron of the 380th Bombardment Group, 5th Air Force, USAF, which was attached to the Royal Australian Air Force and operated out of Australia’s Northern Territory from 1943 to 1945, flying B-24 Liberator bombers.

In 1944, Bugs Bunny actually made a cameo appearance in Jasper Goes Hunting, a short produced by rival studio Paramount Pictures. In this cameo (animated by Robert McKimson, with Mel Blanc providing the voice), Bugs pops out of a rabbit hole, saying his usual catchphrase; Bugs then says, “I must be in the wrong picture” and then goes back in the hole. He also appeared fleetingly in the 1947 Arthur Davis cartoon The Goofy Gophers.

The post-war era

A scene from Bewitched Bunny (1954)

A slight variation of how the character was drawn in the 1950s can be seen in the frame from Bewitched Bunny (1954). The inner pinkish parts of the ears have been reduced becoming more v-shaped at the top end and the ovalness of the eyes also replaced with a more top v shaped look. His cheeks protrude out more, and body is more compacted, when compared how he was drawn in the 1940s, arising to the distinct look of how he is drawn today.

Since then, Bugs has appeared in numerous cartoon shorts in the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series, making his last appearance in the theatrical cartoons in 1964 with False Hare. He was directed by Friz Freleng, Robert McKimson, Arthur Davis and Chuck Jones and appeared in feature films, including Who Framed Roger Rabbit (which featured the first-ever meeting between Bugs and his box-office rival Mickey Mouse), Space Jam (which co-starred Michael Jordan), and the 2003 movie Looney Tunes: Back in Action.

The Bugs Bunny short Knighty Knight Bugs (1958), in which a medieval Bugs Bunny traded blows with Yosemite Sam and his fire-breathing dragon (which has a cold), won the Academy Award for Best Short Subject: Cartoons of 1958. Three of Chuck Jones’ Bugs Bunny shorts–Rabbit Fire, Rabbit Seasoning, and Duck, Rabbit, Duck!— comprise what is often referred to as the “Duck Season/Rabbit Season” trilogy, and are considered among the director’s best works. Jones’ 1957 classic, What’s Opera, Doc?, features Bugs and Elmer parodying Wagner’s Der Ring des Nibelungen, and has been deemed “culturally significant” by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. It was the first cartoon short to receive this honor.

Bugs appeared in the 1957 short Show Biz Bugs with Daffy Duck, which features a controversial finish in which Daffy Duck, in an attempt to wow the (partisan) audience, did a dangerous magical act in which he (in sequence) drank gasoline, swallowed nitroglycerine, gunpowder, and uranium-238 (in a greenish solution), jumped up and down to “shake well”, and finally swallowed a match that detonated the whole improbable mixture. That incident caused some TV stations, and in the 1990s the cable network TNT, to edit out the dangerous act, fearing that young kids might try to imitate it.

In the fall of 1960, The Bugs Bunny Show, a television program which packaged many of the post-1948 Warners shorts with newly animated wraparounds, debuted on ABC. The show was originally aired in prime-time. After two seasons, it was moved to reruns on Saturday mornings. The Bugs Bunny Show changed format and exact title frequently (the packaging was completely different, with each short simply presented on its own, title and all, though some clips from the new bridging material was used as filler), but it remained on network television for 40 years.

After the classic cartoon era

When Mel Blanc died in 1989, Jeff Bergman, Joe Alaskey and Billy West became the new voices to Bugs Bunny and the rest of the Looney Tunes, taking turns doing the voices at various times.

Bugs has also made appearances in animated specials for network television, mostly composed of classic cartoons with bridging material added, including How Bugs Bunny Won the West, and The Bugs Bunny Mystery Special. 1980’s Bugs Bunny’s Busting Out All Over, however, contained no vintage clips and featured the first new Bugs Bunny cartoons in 16 years. It opened with “Portrait Of The Artist As a Young Bunny”, which features a flashback of Bugs as a child thwarting a young Elmer Fudd, while its third and closing short was “Spaced Out Bunny”, with Bugs being kidnapped by Marvin the Martian to be a playmate for Hugo, an Abominable Snowman-like character (a new Wile E. Coyote and Road Runner short filled out the half hour). Also, there have been various compilation films, including the independently produced Bugs Bunny: Superstar (utilizing the vintage shorts then owned by United Artists), while Warner Bros. assembled The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Movie, The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie, Daffy Duck’s Fantastic Island, Bugs Bunny’s 3rd Movie: 1001 Rabbit Tales and Daffy Duck’s Quackbusters. He also made guest appearances in episodes of the 1990s television program Tiny Toon Adventures as the principal of Acme Looniversity and the mentor of Babs and Buster Bunny, and would later make occasional guest cameos on spinoffs Taz-Mania, Animaniacs and Histeria!

He appears in the beginning of Gremlins 2: The New Batch, where he tries to ride the opening Warner Bros logo, but is interrupted by Daffy Duck.

Bugs has had several comic book series over the years. Western Publishing had the license for all the Warner Brothers cartoons, and produced Bugs Bunny comics first for Dell Comics, then later for their own Gold Key Comics. Dell published 58 issues and several specials from 1952 to 1962. Gold Key continued for another 133 issues. DC Comics, the sister/subsidiary company of Warner Bros., has published several comics titles since 1994 that Bugs has appeared in. Notable among these was the 2000 four-issue miniseries Superman & Bugs Bunny, written by Mark Evanier and drawn by Joe Staton. This depicted a crossover between DC’s superheroes and the Warner cartoon characters.

Bugs Bunny’s star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Like Mickey Mouse for The Walt Disney Company, Bugs has served as the mascot for Warner Bros. Studios and its various divisions. He and Mickey are the first cartoon characters to have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

In the 1988 animated/live action movie Who Framed Roger Rabbit, Bugs is shown as one of the inhabitants of Toontown. However, since the film was being produced by Disney, Warner Bros. would only allow the use of their biggest star if he got an equal amount of screen time as Disney’s biggest star, Mickey Mouse. Because of this, both characters are always together in frame when onscreen. They appear in a scene where they are skydiving while Eddie Valiant (Bob Hoskins) has no parachute, so Bugs offers him a “spare” which turns out to be a spare tire. They appear in the end as well, along with all the other toons. For the same reasons, Bugs never calls Mickey by his name, only referring to him as “Doc” (while Mickey calls him “Bugs”).

Bugs Bunny came back to the silver screen in Box Office Bunny in 1990. This was the first Bugs Bunny cartoon short since 1964 to be released to theaters, and it was created for the Bugs Bunny 50th anniversary celebration. It was followed in 1991 by (Blooper) Bunny, a short that has gained a cult following among some animation fans for its edgy humor.

Bugs made an appearance in the 1990 drug prevention video Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue. This special is notable for being the first time that somebody other than Mel Blanc voiced Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck (they were voiced by Jeff Bergman.)

In 1997, Bugs appeared on a U.S. postage stamp, the first cartoon to be so honored, beating the iconic Mickey Mouse. The stamp is number seven on the list of the ten most popular U.S. stamps, as calculated by the number of stamps purchased but not used. The introduction of Bugs onto a stamp was controversial at the time, as it was seen as a step toward the ‘commercialization’ of stamp art. The postal service rejected many designs, and went with a postal-themed drawing. Avery Dennison printed the Bugs Bunny stamp sheet, which featured “a special ten-stamp design and was the first self-adhesive souvenir sheet issued by the U.S. Postal Service.”

A younger version of Bugs is the main character of Baby Looney Tunes, which debuted on Cartoon Network (United States) in 2002. In the action comedy Loonatics Unleashed, his definite descendant Ace Bunny is the leader of the Loonatics team and seems to have inherited his ancestor’s Brooklyn accent and comic wit. Lexi Bunny who is Lola Bunny’s confirmed descendant seems to be his second in command and likely love interest. Danger Duck, a descendant of Daffy, has a similar relation with him to that between Bugs and Daffy – envy (jealousy in the extreme case) mixed with a grudging respect.

Bugs has appeared in numerous video games, including the Bugs Bunny’s Crazy Castle series, Bugs Bunny Birthday Blowout, Bugs Bunny: Rabbit Rampage and the similar Bugs Bunny in Double Trouble, Looney Tunes B-Ball, Space Jam, Looney Tunes Racing, Looney Tunes: Space Race, Bugs Bunny Lost in Time, and its sequel, Bugs Bunny and Taz Time Busters, and Looney Tunes: Back in Action and the new video game Looney Tunes: Acme Arsenal.

Personality and catchphrases

Bugs has feuded with Elmer Fudd, Yosemite Sam, Marvin the Martian, Beaky Buzzard, Daffy Duck, Tasmanian Devil, Cecil Turtle, Witch Hazel, Rocky and Mugsy, Wile E. Coyote, Count Blood Count, and a host of others. Bugs almost always wins these conflicts, a plot pattern which recurs in Looney Tunes films directed by Chuck Jones. Concerned that viewers would lose sympathy for a protagonist who always won, Jones had the antagonist characters repeatedly attempt to bully, cheat or threaten Bugs who has been minding his own business. He’s also been known to break the 4th wall by “communicating” with the audience, either by explaining the situation (ex. “Be with you in a minute folks!”), describing someone to the audience (ex. “Feisty, ain’t they?”), etc.

Bugs will usually try to placate the antagonist and avoid conflict, but when an antagonist pushes him too far, Bugs may address the audience and invoke his catchphrase “Of course you realize, this means war!” before he retaliates, and the retaliation will be devastating. This line was taken from Groucho Marx and others in the 1933 film Duck Soup and was also used in the 1935 Marx film A Night at the Opera. Bugs would pay homage to Groucho in other ways, such as occasionally adopting his stooped walk or leering eyebrow-raising (in Hair-Raising Hare, for example) or sometimes with a direct impersonation (as in Slick Hare).

Other directors, such as Friz Freleng, characterized Bugs as altruistic. When Bugs meets other successful characters (such as Cecil Turtle in Tortoise Beats Hare, or, in World War II, the Gremlin of Falling Hare), his overconfidence becomes a disadvantage.

During the 1940s, Bugs was immature and wild, but starting in the 1950s his personality matured and his attitude was less frenetic. It’s worth noting, however, that some feel this shift in Bugs’s personality marked a significant decline in the quality of his cartoons. Though often shown as highly mischievous and violent, Bugs is never actually malicious, and only acts as such in self-defense against his aggressors; the only cartoon where Bugs ever served as a true villain was Buckaroo Bugs.

Bugs Bunny’s nonchalant carrot-chewing standing position, as explained by Chuck Jones, Friz Freleng, and Bob Clampett, originated in a scene in the film It Happened One Night, in which Clark Gable’s character leans against a fence, eating carrots rapidly and talking with his mouth full to Claudette Colbert’s character. This scene was well known while the film was popular, and viewers at the time likely recognized Bugs Bunny’s behavior as satire.

The carrot-chewing scenes are generally followed by Bugs Bunny’s most well-known catchphrase, “What’s up, Doc?”, which was written by director Tex Avery for his first Bugs Bunny short, 1940’s A Wild Hare. Avery explained later that it was a common expression in his native Texas and that he did not think much of the phrase. When the short was first screened in theaters, the “What’s up, Doc?” scene generated a tremendously positive audience reaction. As a result, the scene became a recurring element in subsequent films and cartoons. The phrase was sometimes modified for a situation. For example, Bugs says “What’s up, dogs?” to the antagonists in A Hare Grows in Manhattan, “What’s up, Duke?” to the knight in Knight-mare Hare and “What’s up, prune-face?” to the aged Elmer in The Old Grey Hare. He might also greet Daffy with “What’s up, Duck?” He used one variation, “What’s all the hub-bub, bub?” only once, in Falling Hare. Another variation is used in Looney Tunes: Back In Action when he greets a lightsaber-wielding Marvin the Martian- “What’s up, Darth?”

Several Chuck Jones shorts in the late 1940s and 1950s depict Bugs travelling via cross-country (and, in some cases, intercontinental) tunnel-digging, ending up in places as varied as Mexico (Bully For Bugs, 1953), the Himalayas (The Abominable Snow Rabbit, 1960) and Antarctica (Frigid Hare, 1949) all because he “shoulda taken that left toin at Albukoikee.” He first utters that phrase in Herr Meets Hare (1945), when he emerges in the Black Forest, a cartoon seldom seen today due to its blatantly topical subject matter. When Hermann Gring says to Bugs, “There is no Las Vegas in ‘Chermany’” and takes a potshot at Bugs, Bugs dives into his hole and says, “Joimany! Yipe!”, as Bugs realizes he’s behind enemy lines. The confused response to his “left toin” comment also followed a pattern. For example, when he tunnels into Scotland in 1948’s My Bunny Lies Over The Sea, while thinking he’s heading for the La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles, California, it provides another chance for an ethnic stereotype: “Therrre’s no La Brrrea Tarrr Pits in Scotland!” (to which Bugs responds, “Uh…what’s up, Mac-doc?”). A couple of late-1950s shorts of this ilk also featured Daffy Duck travelling with Bugs (“Since when is Pismo Beach inside a cave?!”).

Bugs Bunny has some similarities to figures from mythology and folklore, such as Br’er Rabbit, Nanabozho, or Anansi, and might be seen as a modern trickster (for example, he repeatedly uses cross-dressing mischievously). Unlike most cartoon characters, however, Bugs Bunny is rarely defeated in his own games of trickery. One exception to this is the short Hare Brush, in which Elmer Fudd ultimately carries the day at the end; however, critics note that in this short, Elmer and Bugs assume each other’s personalitieshrough mental illness and hypnosis, respectivelynd it is only by becoming Bugs that Elmer can win. However Bugs was beaten at his own game. In the short Duck Amuck he torments Daffy Duck as the unseen animator, ending with his line, “Ain’t I a stinker?” Bugs feels the same wrath of an unseen animator in the short Rabbit Rampage where he is in turn tormented by Elmer Fudd. At the end of the clip Elmer gleefully exclaims, ‘Well, I finally got even with that scwewy wabbit!”

Although it was usually Porky Pig who brought the WB cartoons to a close with his stuttering, “That’s all, folks!”, Bugs would occasionally appear, bursting through a drum just as Porky did, but munching a carrot and saying in his Bronx-Brooklyn accent, “And dat’s de end!”

The name “Bugs” or “Bugsy” as an old-fashioned nickname means “crazy” (or “loopy”). Several famous people from the first half of the twentieth century had that nickname. It is now out of fashion as a nickname, but survives in 1950s-1960s expressions like “you’re bugging me”, as in “you’re driving me crazy”.

Bugs wears white gloves which he is only known to remove in Long-Haired Hare. In this episode, Bugs pretends to be the famed conductor Leopold Stokowski and instructs opera star “Giovanni Jones” to sing and to hold a high note. As Giovanni Jones is turning red with the strain, Bugs slips his left hand out of its glove, leaving the glove hovering in the air in order to command Jones to continue to hold the high note. Bugs then nips down to the mail drop to order, and then to receive, a pair of ear muffs. Bugs puts on the ear defenders and then zips back into the amphitheater and reinserts his hand into his glove as singer Jones is writhing on the stage, still holding that same high note).

Bugs Bunny is also a master of disguise: he can wear any disguise that he wants to confuse his enemies: in Bowery Bugs he uses 5 disguises: fakir, gentleman, women, Baker and finally policeman. This ability of disguise makes bugs famous because we can recognize him while at the same time realizing that his enemies are trapped. Bugs has a certain preference for the female disguise: Taz, Elmer Fudd, Yosemite Sam were fooled by this sexy bunny (woman) and in Hare Trimmed, Sam discovers the real face of “Granny”(Bugs disguise) in the church where they attempt to get married.

Rabbit or hare?

The animators throughout Bugs’ history have treated the terms rabbit and hare as synonymous. Taxonomically they are not synonymous, being somewhat similar but observably different types of lagomorphs. Hares have much longer ears than rabbits, so Bugs might seem to be of the hare family, and many more of the cartoon titles include the word “hare” rather than “rabbit.” Within the cartoons, although the term “hare” comes up sometimes (for example, Bugs drinking “hare tonic” to “stop falling hare” and being doused with “hare restorer” to bring him back from invisibility), Bugs as well as his antagonists most often refer to the character as a “rabbit”. The word “bunny” is of no help in answering this question, as it is a synonym for both young hares and young rabbits.

In Nike commercials with Michael Jordan, Bugs had been referred to as “Hare Jordan.”

The opening and closing

In the opening of many of the Bugs Bunny cartoons, the Merrie Melodies and Looney Tunes rings contain Bugs Bunny’s head after the Warner Bros. shield (generally from 1944 and 1949 onward). Others have Bugs Bunny relaxing on top of the Warner Bros. shield: He chews on his carrot, looks angrily at the camera and pulls down the next logo (Merrie Melodies or Looney Tunes) like a window shade (generally on cartoons between 1945 until early 1949). Then he lifts it back up, to now be seen lying on his own name, which then fades into the title of the specific short. In some other cases, the title card sometimes fades to him, already on his name and chewing his carrot then fade to the name of the short. At the finish of some, Bugs breaks out of a drum (like Porky Pig) and says, “And that’s the end”.

Voice actors

The following are the many voice actors who have voiced the character Bugs Bunny over the last seventy years:

Mel Blanc voiced the character for 49 years, from Bugs’ debut in A Wild Hare (1940) until Blanc’s death in 1989. Blanc described the voice as a combination of Bronx and Brooklyn accents; however, Tex Avery claimed that he asked Blanc to give the character not a New York accent per se, but a voice like that of actor Frank McHugh, who frequently appeared in supporting roles in the 1930s and whose voice might be described as New York Irish. In Bugs’ second cartoon Elmer’s Pet Rabbit, Blanc created a completely new voice for Bugs, which sounded like a Jimmy Stewart impression, but the directors decided the previous voice was better. Though his best-known character was the carrot-chomping rabbit, munching on the carrots interrupted the dialogue. Various substitutes, such as celery, were tried, but none of them sounded like a carrot. So for the sake of expedience, he would munch and then spit the carrot bits into a spittoon rather than swallowing them, and continue with the dialogue. One oft-repeated story, possibly originating from Bugs Bunny: Superstar, is that he was allergic to carrots and had to spit them out to minimize any allergic reaction but his autobiography makes no such claim; in fact, in a 1984 interview with Tim Lawson, co-author of The Magic Behind The Voices: A Who’s Who of Cartoon Voice Actors (University Press of Mississippi, 2004), Blanc emphatically denied being allergic to carrots.

Jeff Bergman was the first to have the honor of voicing Bugs (and several other Looney Tunes characters) after Mel Blanc died in 1989. He got the job by impressing Warner Bros. higher-ups with a tape of himself re-creating the voices of several of Blanc’s characters, including Bugs Bunny. He had rigged the tape player so that he could use a switch to instantly toggle back and forth between the original recording of Blanc and Bergman’s recording of the same lines. Upon doing this, it was almost impossible for the producers to tell which voice was Blanc’s and which voice was Bergman; thus his vocal ability was established and his career launched.

Bergman first voiced Bugs during the 1990 Academy Awards and then in Box Office Bunny, a 4-minute Looney Tunes short released in 1990 to commemorate Bugs’ fiftieth anniversary. Bergman would next voice Bugs Bunny in the 1991 short (Blooper) Bunny, a Greg Ford-directed cartoon also produced to coincide with Bugs Bunny’s fiftieth anniversary. However, the short never received its intended theatrical release and was shelved for years, until Cartoon Network rediscovered it and broadcast it on their channel several years later. (Blooper) Bunny has since garnered a cult following among animation fans for its use of edgy humor. Other works for which Bergman provided Bugs’ voice include Invasion of the Bunny Snatchers (an obvious parody of the 1950s sci-fi classic Invasion of the Body Snatchers), Tiny Toon Adventures (a popular television program of the early nineties that featured the classic Looney Tunes characters as mentors to their younger counterparts) in the first season, and Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue (a television special exposing children to dangers of marijuana). Bergman would continue to do the voice of Bugs Bunny until 1993.

Greg Burson first voiced Bugs in later episodes of Tiny Toon Adventures. He was then given the responsibility of voicing Bugs in 1995’s Carrotblanca, a well-received 8-minute Looney Tunes cartoon originally shown in cinemas alongside The Amazing Panda Adventure (US) and The Pebble and the Penguin (non-US); it has since been released on video packaged with older Looney Tunes cartoons and was even included in the special edition DVD release of Casablanca, of which it is both a parody and an homage. Burson next voiced Bugs in the 1996 short From Hare to Eternity; the film is notable for being dedicated to the memory of the then-just deceased Friz Freleng, and for being the final Looney Tunes cartoon that Chuck Jones directed. Greg Burson also provided Bugs’ voice in The Bugs and Daffy Show, which ran on Cartoon Network from 1996 to 2003. He died in 2008.

Billy West has been in television since the late 1980s. His first role was for the 1988 revived version of Bob Clampett’s Beany and Cecil. West’s breakthrough role then came almost immediately, as the voice of Stimpy and later Ren in John Kricfalusi’s Ren & Stimpy. West has since been the voice talent for close to 120 different characters, including some of the most iconic animated figures in television history. Perhaps West’s most notable film work came in the 1996 movie Space Jam. Starring alongside Michael Jordan, West provided the voice of both Bugs Bunny and Elmer Fudd. West would go on to reprise the roles of Bugs in subsequent Looney Tunes productions, including his cameos on Histeria!, the Kids’ WB! promotional spots, and the 2006 Christmas-themed special Bah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas and the DVD compilations “Reality Check” and “Stranger Than Fiction”, along with several Looney Tunes-centric CDs, cartoons, and video games. Billy West is, along with fellow voice artist Joe Alaskey, credited as one of the current successors of Mel Blanc in impersonating the voice of Bugs Bunny.

Joe Alaskey, like Jeff Bergman, is well-known for his ability to successfully impersonate many Looney Tunes characters. In fact, Alaskey voiced Yosemite Sam in Who Framed Roger Rabbit, as original voice actor Mel Blanc had found it too hard on his vocal cords. (This makes Sam one of the few voices created by Blanc to be voiced by someone else during his lifetime.) Joe Alaskey’s first performance as Bugs Bunny came in the 2003 feature film Looney Tunes: Back in Action, although he had tested performing the role in a few earlier projects, such as Tweety’s High-Flying Adventure. While still best known for providing the voice of Daffy Duck, Alaskey has also gone on to do Bugs’ voice in several subsequent productions, including Daffy Duck for President (which was released on The Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 2 and dedicated to then-just deceased Chuck Jones) and several recent video games. Joe Alaskey is, along with fellow voice actor Billy West, credited as one of the current successors of Mel Blanc in impersonating the voice of Bugs Bunny.

Samuel Vincent served as the voice of Bugs in the Cartoon Network TV series Baby Looney Tunes.

Noel Blanc, Mel Blanc’s son, voiced Bugs for the Tiny Toons special It’s a Wonderful Tiny Toon Christmas Special. The elder Blanc claimed in his later years that Noel substituted for Mel in various cartoon studios, including doing Bugs at Warner Bros., while he was recovering from a near-fatal car wreck. Noel can also be seen doing Bugs’ voice with his father in the documentary on the making of the film Who Framed Roger Rabbit. Noel voiced Elmer Fudd in a cut-away scene for the animated TV series Family Guy (in “Stewie Griffin: The Untold Story”).

Cameos

Bugs Bunny has had cameo appearances in several cartoons, including one Private SNAFU short. For his appearance in The Goofy Gophers his voice was sped up.

Crazy Cruise (1942)

Porky Pig’s Feat (1943) This marks Bugs’ only appearance in a black-and-white Looney Tunes short.

Jasper Goes Hunting (1944, for Paramount)

Odor-able Kitty (1945)

The Goofy Gophers (1947)

The Lion’s Busy (1950)

Duck Amuck (1953)

Justice League: The New Frontier (2008, as one of the forms of The Martian Manhunter )

International

Bugs Bunny cartoons air in countries outside of the United States. In most cases, the original US cartoons are simply redubbed in the native language and the characters are usually given names more fitting for the country in which they are appearing. For example, in Finland, Bugs Bunny is called Viski Vemmelsri.

Current popularity

In 2002, TV Guide compiled a list of the 50 greatest cartoon characters of all time as part of the magazine’s 50th anniversary. Bugs Bunny was given the honor of number 1. In a CNN broadcast on July 31, 2002, a TV Guide editor talked about the group that created the list. The editor also explained why Bugs pulled top billing: “His stock…has never gone down…Bugs is the best example…of the smart-aleck American comic. He not only is a great cartoon character, he’s a great comedian. He was written well. He was drawn beautifully. He has thrilled and made many generations laugh. He is tops.” Additionally, in Animal Planet’s 50 Greatest Movie Animals (2004), Bugs was named #3, behind Mickey Mouse and Toto.

Bugs Bunny’s enduring impact on comedic actors also cannot be overestimated. During an interview for Inside the Actors Studio, comedian Dave Chappelle cited Bugs Bunny as one of his earliest influences, praising voice actor Mel Blanc.

According to Time Warner, Bugs Bunny became the current official mascot for Six Flags theme parks beginning with their 45th anniversary.

Awards

Academy Awards

Knighty Knight Bugs (1958)

Academy Award nominations

A Wild Hare (1940)

Hiawatha’s Rabbit Hunt (1941)

See also

List of Bugs Bunny cartoons

Looney Tunes

References

^ a b “Bugs Bunny tops greatest cartoon characters list”. CNN.com. 2002-07-30. http://archives.cnn.com/2002/SHOWBIZ/TV/07/30/cartoon.characters/index.html. Retrieved 2008-02-27. 

^ Carragher, Sarah (2002-07-29). “Nearly One-Third of TV Guide’s ‘50 Greatest Cartoon Characters Of All Time Come From Warner Bros.”. TimeWarner.com. http://www.timewarner.com/corp/newsroom/pr/0,20812,669402,00.html. Retrieved 2008-02-27. 

^ a b c Barrier, Michael (2003-11-06). Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in Its Golden Age. United States: Oxford University Press. p. 672. ISBN 978-0195167290. 

^ “”Bugs Bunny’&#39″. Encyclopdia Britannica. Britannica.com. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9095426/Bugs-Bunny. Retrieved 2009-09-20. 

^ “Leading the Animation Conversation  Rare 1939 Looney Tunes Book found!”. Cartoon Brew. 2008-04-03. http://www.cartoonbrew.com/classic/rare-1938-looney-tunes-book-found. Retrieved 2009-09-20. 

^ a b Blanc, Mel; Bashe, Philip (1989). That’s Not All, Folks!. Clayton South, VIC, Australia: Warner Books. 

^ “Looney Tunes Hidden Gags”. Gregbrian.tripod.com. http://gregbrian.tripod.com/hidden/hid04.html. Retrieved 2009-09-20. 

^ Adamson, Joe (1990). Bugs Bunny: 50 Years and Only One Grey Hare. Henry Holt. ISBN 0-8050-1855-7. 

^ Lehman, Christopher P. (2008). The Colored Cartoon: Black Representation in American Animated Short Films, 1907-1954. Amherst, Massachusetts: University of Massachusetts Press. p. 73. http://books.google.com/books?id=xMWhTUFFuqoC&pg=PA73&lpg=PA73&dq=”any+bonds+today”+”bugs+bunny”+theatrical+cartoon&source=bl&ots=gEClzGwbx4&sig=P8w8dPT-Wy3Y0hZIDzIOrtT4rg0&hl=en&ei=qf2kSaW7NJm1jAeWk-XQBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=10&ct=result#PPA73,M1. Retrieved 2009-02-25. 

^ Audio commentary by Paul Dini for Super-Rabbit on the Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 3 (2005).

^ “History of the 380th Bomb Group”. 380th.org. http://380th.org/380-History.html. Retrieved 2010-01-07. 

^ a b “”Jasper Goes Hunting” information”. Bcdb.com. http://www.bcdb.com/cartoon/36556-Jasper_Goes_Hunting.html. Retrieved 2009-09-20. 

^ Looney Tunes: Bugs Bunny stamp. National Postal Museum Smithsonian.

^ “Transcript of ”Duck Soup””. Script-o-rama.com. http://www.script-o-rama.com/movie_scripts/d/duck-soup-script-transcript-marx.html. Retrieved 2009-09-20. 

^ “”It Happened One Night” film review by Tim Dirks”. Filmsite.org. http://www.filmsite.org/itha.html. Retrieved 2009-09-20. 

^ Adamson, Joe (1975). Tex Avery: King of Cartoons. New York: De Capo Press. 

^ a b Knight, Richard. “Consider the Source”. Chicagoreader.com. http://www.chicagoreader.com/movies/archives/2001/0101/010126.html. Retrieved 2009-09-20. 

^ “Piirroselokuvien taitaja Chuck Jones kuollut”. Mtv3.fi. February 23, 2002. http://www.mtv3.fi/uutiset/arkisto.shtml/arkistot/kulttuuri/2002/02/101933. Retrieved 2009-12-06. 

^ “List of All-time Cartoon Characters”. CNN.com. CNN. July 30, 2002. http://archives.cnn.com/2002/SHOWBIZ/TV/07/30/cartoon.characters.list/index.html. Retrieved April 11, 2007. 

^ “CNN LIVE TODAY: ‘TV Guide’ Tipping Hat to Cartoon Characters”. CNN.com. CNN. July 31, 2002. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0207/31/lt.20.html. Retrieved April 11, 2007. 

Bibliography

Adamson, Joe (1990). Bugs Bunny: 50 Years and Only One Grey Hare. New York: Henry Holt. ISBN 0-8050-1855-7. 

Beck, Jerry; Friedwald, Will (1989). Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies. New York: Henry Holt. ISBN 0-8050-0894-2. 

Blanc, Mel; Bashe, Philip (1989). That’s Not All, Folks!. Clayton South, VIC, Australia: Warner Books. ISBN 0-446-39089-5. 

Jones, Chuck (1989). Chuck Amuck: The Life and Times of an Animated Cartoonist. New York: Farrar Straus & Giroux. ISBN 0-374-12348-9. 

Maltin, Leonard (1987). Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons (Revised ed.). New York: Plume Book. ISBN 0-452-25993-2. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Bugs Bunny

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Bugs Bunny

Bugs Bunny at the Internet Movie Database

Warner Bros. Studios

Bugs’ Toonopedia profile

v  d  e

Warner Bros. animation and comics

Looney Tunes,

Merrie Melodies

and other characters

Primary

Bugs Bunny  Daffy Duck  Porky Pig   Yosemite Sam  Speedy Gonzales  Elmer Fudd  Sylvester  Tweety  Granny  Wile E. Coyote and Road Runner  Foghorn Leghorn  Marvin the Martian  Tasmanian Devil  Pep Le Pew

Secondary

Babbit and Catstello  Bosko  Clyde Rabbit  Buddy  Goopy Geer  Evolution of Bugs Bunny  Foxy  Piggy  Beans  The Barnyard Dawg  Rocky and Mugsy  Hector the Bulldog  Henery Hawk  Melissa Duck  Goofy Gophers  Cecil Turtle  Sylvester, Jr.  Gabby Goat  Spike and Chester  Gossamer  Hippety Hopper  Marc Antony and Pussyfoot  Witch Hazel  The Three Bears  Hatta Mari  Hubie and Bertie  Claude Cat  Sniffles  Ralph Phillips  Beaky Buzzard  Willoughby  Charlie Dog  Pete Puma  Crusher  Count Blood Count  Private Snafu  Wolf and Sheepdog  Egghead Jr.  Slowpoke Rodriguez  K-9  Blacque Jacque Shellacque  Nasty Canasta  Bunny and Claude  Merlin the Magic Mouse and Second Banana  Quick Brown Fox and Rapid Rabbit  Cool Cat  Penelope Pussycat  Conrad the Cat  Playboy Penguin  Inki  Colonel Shuffle  Petunia Pig  Michigan J. Frog

Comics and TV shows

Lola Bunny  Honey Bunny  Wendell T. Wolf  Digeri Dingo  Daniel and Timothy Platypus  I.Q. Hi  Star Johnson  Queen Tyr’ahnee  Johnny Test characters

Television

animation

Tiny Toon Adventures

Babs and Buster Bunny  Plucky Duck  Hamton J. Pig  Montana Max  Elmyra Duff  Dizzy Devil  Furrball  Calamity Coyote  Little Beeper  Gogo Dodo  Sweetie Pie  Fifi La Fume  Shirley the Loon  Lil’ Sneezer  Concord Condor  Byron Basset  Bookworm  Fowlmouth  Arnold the Pit Bull  Barky Marky  Mary Melody

Animaniacs

Yakko, Wakko, and Dot  Ralph the Guard  Thaddeus Plotz  Dr. Otto Scratchansniff  Pinky and the Brain  Slappy Squirrel  Buttons and Mindy  The Goodfeathers  Rita and Runt  Chicken Boo  Mr. Skullhead  Minor characters

Other cartoons

Police Academy  Taz-Mania  Batman: The Animated Series  The Sylvester and Tweety Mysteries  The New Batman Adventures  Freakazoid!  Batman Beyond  The Dukes  Road Rovers  Ace Ventura: Pet Detective  Beetlejuice  The New Adventures of Zorro  Free Willy  The New Adventures of Batman  Pinky, Elmyra & the Brain  Histeria!  Baby Looney Tunes  Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue (cameo appearance)  Duck Dodgers  Loonatics Unleashed (Characters)  The Batman  Ozzy and Drix  Mucha Lucha  Justice League  Justice League Unlimited  Legion of Super Heroes  Superman: The Animated Series  Teen Titans  Xiaolin Showdown  Tom and Jerry Tales  What’s New, Scooby-Doo?  Krypto the Superdog  Static Shock  Johnny Test  Shaggy & Scooby-Doo Get a Clue!  Batman: The Brave and the Bold  Scooby-Doo – Mystery, Inc.

v  d  e

Chicago Bulls

Founded in 1966 Based in Chicago, Illinois

The Franchise

Franchise Expansion Draft All-Time Roster Seasons Head coaches Current season

Arenas

International Amphitheatre Chicago Stadium United Center

Head Coaches

Kerr Motta Badger Costello Robertson Sloan Johnson Thorn Westhead Loughery Albeck Collins Jackson Floyd Berry Myers Cartwright Skiles Boylan Del Negro

D-League Affiliate

Iowa Energy

NBA Finals Appearances (6)

1991 1992 1993 1996 1997 1998

NBA Championships (6)

1991 1992 1993 1996 1997 1998

Retired Jerseys

4 10 23 33

Hall of Famers

George Gervin Robert Parish Nate Thurmond Phil Jackson Michael Jordan Jerry Sloan

Important Figures

Dick Klein Johnny Kerr Dick Motta Bob Love Jerry Sloan Norm Van Lier Chet Walker Clifford Ray Tom Boerwinkle Artis Gilmore Reggie Theus Charles Oakley Michael Jordan Scottie Pippen Bill Cartwright Horace Grant John Paxson B. J. Armstrong Toni Kuko Ron Harper Luc Longley Steve Kerr Dennis Rodman Phil Jackson Jerry Krause Jerry Reinsdorf Kirk Hinrich Ben Gordon Luol Deng Derrick Rose Joakim Noah

Key Personnel

Owner: Jerry Reinsdorf Vice President of Basketball Operations: John Paxson General Manager: Gar Forman Coach: Vinny Del Negro

Rivals

Boston Celtics Detroit Pistons New York Knicks Miami Heat

Culture & Lore

Hare Jordan and Air Jordan Hue Hollins The Shot Tommy Edwards Benny the Bull “Sirius” Ray Clay 72-10 The Flu Game Game 6 of the 1998 NBA Finals The Shot (1998 NBA Finals) “The Madhouse on Madison” “The Madhouse on Madison II”/”The House That Jordan Built” Ashland Green Line Station Game 6 of the 2009 NBA Playoffs First Round

Media

TV: WGN-TV WGN America WCIU Comcast SportsNet Chicago Radio: WMVP-AM Announcers: Neil Funk Stacey King Chuck Swirsky Bill Wennington

Persondata

NAME

Bunny, Bugs

ALTERNATIVE NAMES

SHORT DESCRIPTION

Looney Tunes character

DATE OF BIRTH

1940

PLACE OF BIRTH

Brooklyn, New York

DATE OF DEATH

PLACE OF DEATH

Categories: Corporate mascots | DC Comics titles | Dell Comics titles | Fictional anthropomorphic characters | Fictional characters from New York City | Fictional hares and rabbits | Gold Key Comics titles | Honorary United States Marines | Looney Tunes characters | 1940 introductionsHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from December 2007 | All articles needing additional references
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Pith Helmet

The pith helmet (also known as the sun helmet, topee, sola topee, salacot or topi) is a lightweight helmet made of cork or pith, typically from the sola (Indian swamp growth, Aeschynomene aspera or A. paludosa) or a similar plant [1], with a cloth cover, designed to shade the wearer’s head from the sun. Pith helmets were once much worn by Westerners in the tropics; today they are most frequently used in Vietnam.
waterproof coat
Crude forms of pith helmets had existed as early as the 1840s, but it was around 1870 that the pith helmet became popular with military personnel in Europe’s tropical colonies. The Franco-Prussian War had popularized the German Pickelhaube, which may have influenced the definitive design of the pith helmet. Such developments may have merged with a traditional design from the Philippines. The alternative name salacot (also written salakhoff) appears frequently in Spanish and French sources and comes from the Tagalog word salacsac (or Salaksak). Emilio Aguinaldo and the Philippine revolutionary military used to wear the pith helmet from the Spaniards alongside the straw hat and the native salakot during the Revolution in the Philippine-American War. Originally made of pith with small peaks (bills) at the front and back, the helmet was covered by white cloth, often with a cloth band (or puggaree) around it, and small holes for ventilation. Military versions often had metal insignia on the front and could be decorated with a brass spike or ball-shaped finial. The chinstrap could be in leather or brass chain, depending on the occasion. The base material later became the more durable cork (indeed, another common Spanish name literally translates as cork helmet), although still covered with cloth and frequently still referred to as “pith” helmets. This form of headdress is now associated strongly with the British Empire. However, the pith helmet was used by all European colonial powers, and during the 1880s even by the United States Army [2] in the south west. It was commonly worn by white officers commanding locally recruited soldiers in the colonial troops of France, Britain, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Imperial Germany and the Netherlands, as well as civilian officials in their tropical territories. White troops serving in the tropics usually wore pith helmets, although on active service they were sometimes replaced by more comfortable and less conspicuous alternatives such as the wide brimmed slouch hats worn by US troops in the Philippines and by British Empire forces in the later stages of the Boer War. Parallel to the development of the sun helmet, a broadly similar helmet, of dark blue cloth over cork and incorporating a bronze spike, was adopted for military wear in non-tropical areas, although it was rarely thought of as a true “pith helmet”. Modelled on the German Pickelhaube, but distinctly different, this headdress was first adopted by the British Army (which called it the “Home Service Helmet”) in 1878, followed by the United States Army in 1881. The British version was worn on most occasions by line infantry, artillery and engineers until 1902 when the introduction of khaki peaked (billed) caps relegated it to full dress. The blue cloth helmets worn by American mounted troops until 1901 were particularly elaborate, being decorated with plumes and cords in the colours (yellow or red) of their branches of service. The Home Service Helmet is still worn by some British Army bands or Corps of Drums on ceremonial occasions today. It is closely related to the custodian helmet still worn by a number of police forces in England. During the Anglo-Zulu War, British troops dyed their white pith helmets with tea for camouflage.[citation needed] Soon khaki-coloured pith helmets became standard issue for service as well. Pith helmets were widely worn during World War I by British Empire, Turkish, Belgian, French and German colonial troops fighting in the Middle East and Africa. Helmets of this style (but without true pith construction) were used as late as World War II by European and American military personnel in hot climates. Included in this category are the sun helmets worn in North Africa by Italian troops, South African Army and Air Force units and Germany’s Afrika Korps, as well as similar helmets used to a more limited extent by U.S. and Japanese forces in the Pacific Theater. The entire military of the America’s colony the Philippines, which consisted of an army and a gendarmerie, used sun helmets. The U.S. Marine Corps used pith helmets called “elephant hats” in the South Pacific. They were also worn by recruits in United States Marine Corps Boot Camp. The Axis Second Philippine Republic’s military, known as the Bureau of Constabulary, as well as other guerrilla groups in the Philippines was another user of sun helmets. The British Army formally abolished the tropical helmet in 1948. Such was the popularity of the pith helmet that it became a common civilian headgear for Westerners in the tropics from the end of the 19th century. The civilian pith helmet usually had the same dimensions and outline as its contemporary military counterpart though it lacked decorative extras such as badges. It was worn by men and women, old and young, both on formal and casual occasions, until the Second World War. Until the 1930s there was a widespread assumption that wearing this form of headdress was necessary for people of European origin to avoid sunstroke in the tropics ndigenous peoples were assumed to have acquired natural immunity over many generations. Modern medical opinion holds that some form of wide brimmed but light headdress is highly advisable in strong sunlight for people of all races to avoid skin cancers and overheating. Another civilian use has been as a form of standard issue headgear for U.S. government employees in warmer climates. For example, in the U.S. letter carriers employed by the postal service frequently wear a government issued white (in some places light blue) pith helmet when delivering the mail on foot in climates such as South Carolina, Florida, Southern California, Arizona, and Hawaii. The Royal Marines still wear white “Wolseley pattern” helmets of the same general design as the old pith helmet as part of their number 1 or dress uniform. These date from 1912 in their present form and are made of natural cork covered in white cloth on the outside and shade green on the inside. Decoration includes a brass ball ornament at the top, helmet plate and chin chain. A similar headdress is worn by the Thai and Tongan Royal Guards as well as the Compagnie des Carabiniers du Prince of Monaco and by the Sri Lankan Police as part of their dress uniform. In the Philippines, some ceremonial units use sun helmets. British diplomats in tropical postings, Governors General, Governors and colonial officials continued to wear the traditional white helmets as part of their ceremonial white uniforms until the practice died out during the 1970s and ’80s. The ceremonies marking the end of British rule in Hong Kong in 1997 were probably the last occasion on which this style of headdress was seen as a symbol of Empire. After World War II, the Viet Minh of Vietnam based their helmet design on the French pith helmet of the former colonial power and adopted it as their own. Today it is still widely worn by civilians in Vietnam but appears only rarely as part of the military uniform. In design, the Vietnamese model was similar to the preorld War II civilian type, but covered in jungle green cloth, sometimes with a metal insignia at the front or back. Sun helmets of plastic material but traditional design are still worn today by some mail carriers of the U.S. Postal Service (USPS). White colored helmets with black ribbons (virtually identical to the one pictured above, belonging to Harry Truman) were the standard duty head gear used by highway traffic officers in the Dominican Republic’s National Police up until the beginning of the 21st century, when these units were replaced by the creation of the Autoridad Metropolitana de Transporte (AMET) corps, who use dark green Stetson hats instead. The pith helmet has also seen use as a form of identification by U.S. Marine Corps rifle range coaches at Parris Island and San Diego, similarly the campaign hat is worn by rifle range instructors as well as drill instructors. The pith helmet continues to be worn by cadets in senior positions at the Royal Military College of Canada for certain parades and special occasions. Notably, the Cadet Wing Commander, Deputy Wing Commander, Wing Training Officer, Wing Administration Officer, Squadron Leaders, Squadron Training Officers, and the Colour Party.
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